{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:01:01Z","timestamp":1792785661653,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","award":["EP\/X026876\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X026876\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0439y7842","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n High-resolution atomic force microscopy has transformed molecular imaging by revealing intramolecular structure directly in real space. A major remaining challenge is to extend this capability from largely planar molecules to non-planar molecular systems, where the most important structural information may be distributed across different heights above the surface. Here we use probe-particle-model simulations to predict the constant-force contours expected above molecules with increasing structural complexity. By extracting\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n F<\/mml:mi>\n z<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n isosurfaces from simulated three-dimensional force fields, we compare the molecular information retained in constant-height and constant-force images. For tilted benzene and pyrrole, constant-force images preserve the molecular framework across a range of adsorption angles and allow the molecular orientation to be recovered quantitatively. For larger non-planar and three-dimensional systems, simulations identify characteristic\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n F<\/mml:mi>\n z<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n isosurface contrast associated with adsorption geometry, lower-lying molecular structure and curved molecular surfaces. These results provide target contrast patterns for\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n F<\/mml:mi>\n z<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n isosurfaces obtainable from three-dimensional force-mapping experiments and quantify the molecular information retained by ideal\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n F<\/mml:mi>\n z<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n isosurface imaging as molecular systems become progressively non-planar.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648x\/aeadfe","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:54:27Z","timestamp":1790722467000},"page":"405001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Force-isosurface simulations probe the limits of high-resolution AFM on three-dimensional molecules"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"E J","family":"Dunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University"},{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5719-2205","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R J","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-1519","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S P","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"cmaeadfebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aa76c7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High resolution SPM imaging of organic molecules with functionalized tips","volume":"29","author":"Jel\u00ednek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-07-09","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-13","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}