{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T06:26:28Z","timestamp":1793600788466,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Graphene transport experiments probe relaxation through different observables, timescales and measurement domains, making direct comparison of reported relaxation parameters difficult. Here we develop a kernel-first, provenance-constrained methodology for determining what aspects of relaxation structure can be identified from heterogeneous transport measurements before assigning them a common physical interpretation. The approach distinguishes measured, processed, fitted and theoretically derived quantities, and separates response magnitude, kernel sensitivity and experimentally observed state evolution. The method is applied to three complementary graphene experiments. Frequency-resolved complex conductivity provides identifiable spectral relaxation descriptors and, where an admissible parametrisation is supported, permits explicit kernel-sensitivity and state-trajectory analysis. Ultrafast electronic heat spreading constrains an additional short-time response relative to an independently determined momentum-relaxation interval, but does not identify a unique kernel time. DC electrical and thermal measurements constrain integrated response weights, geometry dependence and a relative relaxation hierarchy without uniquely determining temporal kernel shape. The three experiments therefore occupy different levels of dynamical identifiability rather than providing interchangeable relaxation times. A localized change in an effective-kernel trajectory is not by itself interpreted as a triggered process. The stronger test requires such a change to reproducibly predict an independently measured dynamical response. We propose a same\u2013device, cross-domain experiment implementing this criterion across controlled state trajectories. The principal contribution is a general analysis methodology for determining what relaxation information heterogeneous measurements support and what additional evidence is required before state-dependent response is promoted to a physical mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648x\/aeb218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:52:32Z","timestamp":1791499952000},"page":"445401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experiment-specific memory and relaxation structure in graphene transport: a kernel-first state-trajectory analysis"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5227-9755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louis Hin Lok","family":"Tsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"cmaeb218bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0343","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Observation of the dirac fluid and the breakdown of the wiedemann\u2013franz law in graphene","volume":"351","author":"Crossno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.075426","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transport in inhomogeneous quantum critical fluids and in the Dirac fluid in graphene","volume":"93","author":"Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.056603","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Violation of the Wiedemann\u2013Franz law in hydrodynamic electron liquids","volume":"115","author":"Principi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0201","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Negative local resistance caused by viscous electron backflow in graphene","volume":"351","author":"Bandurin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.165433","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nonlocal transport and the hydrodynamic shear viscosity in graphene","volume":"92","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aaa274","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydrodynamics of electrons in graphene","volume":"30","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.108.134514","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Superconductivity in monolayer and few-layer graphene. I. Review of possible pairing symmetries and basic electronic properties","volume":"108","author":"Pangburn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-026-03277-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Superconductivity from dual-surface carriers in rhombohedral graphene","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.124.983","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Memory effects in irreversible thermodynamics","volume":"124","author":"Zwanzig","year":"1961","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1143\/PTP.33.423","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transport, collective motion, and Brownian motion","volume":"33","author":"Mori","year":"1965","journal-title":"Prog. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8687","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantum-critical conductivity of the Dirac fluid in graphene","volume":"364","author":"Gallagher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00957-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Observation of giant and tunable thermal diffusivity of a Dirac fluid at room temperature","volume":"16","author":"Block","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-025-02972-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Universality in quantum critical flow of charge and heat in ultraclean graphene","volume":"21","author":"Majumdar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.035403","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intraband memory function and memory-function conductivity formula in doped graphene","volume":"95","author":"Kup\u010di\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.12.570","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Statistical-mechanical theory of irreversible processes. I. General theory and simple applications to magnetic and conduction problems","volume":"12","author":"Kubo","year":"1957"},{"key":"cmaeb218bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061","DOI":"10.21468\/SciPostPhys.6.5.061","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Planckian dissipation, minimal viscosity and the transport in cuprate strange metals","volume":"6","author":"Zaanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"SciPost Phys."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3174","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Theory of universal incoherent metallic transport","volume":"11","author":"Hartnoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"cmaeb218bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.111601","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Viscosity in strongly interacting quantum field theories from black hole physics","volume":"94","author":"Kovtun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."}],"container-title":["Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:31:22Z","timestamp":1793597482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-648X\/aeb218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"44","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-648x\/aeb218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-8984","1361-648X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-8984","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-648X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Experiment-specific memory and relaxation structure in graphene transport: a kernel-first state-trajectory analysis","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-06-02","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-11-02","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}