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Radiol. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The empirical estimation of cancer risks in children associated with low-dose ionising radiation (&lt;100 mSv) remains a challenge. The main reason is that the required combination of large sample sizes with accurate and comprehensive exposure assessment is difficult to achieve. An international scientific workshop, \u2018Childhood cancer and background radiation\u2019, organised by the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine of the University of Bern, brought together researchers in this field to evaluate how epidemiological studies of background radiation and childhood cancer can best improve our understanding of the effects of low-dose ionising radiation. This review summarises and evaluates the findings of these studies with regard to their methodological differences, identifies key limitations and challenges, and proposes ways to move forward. Large childhood cancer registries, such as those in Great Britain, France and Germany, now permit the conducting of studies that should have sufficient statistical power to detect the effects predicted by standard risk models. Nevertheless, larger studies or pooled studies will be needed to investigate disease subgroups. The main challenge is to accurately assess children\u2019s individual exposure to radiation from natural sources and from other sources, as well as potentially confounding non-radiation exposures, in such large study populations. For this, the study groups should learn from each other to improve exposure estimation and develop new ways to validate exposure models with personal dosimetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ab5a38","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T18:15:20Z","timestamp":1574360120000},"page":"R1-R23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Epidemiological studies of natural sources of radiation and childhood cancer: current challenges and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2531-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Mazzei-Abba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe L","family":"Folly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2726-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Coste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2934-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Wakeford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Raaschou-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerry","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"H\u00e9mon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Descartes University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atte","family":"Nikkil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Spix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Mainz"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anssi","family":"Auvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1430-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben D","family":"Spycher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"jrpab5a38bib1","volume":"Vol I","author":"UNSCEAR","year":"2006","type":"book"},{"key":"jrpab5a38bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"National Research Council","year":"1990","DOI":"10.17226\/1224","type":"book"},{"key":"jrpab5a38bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1801.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ionizing radiation and leukemia mortality among Japanese atomic bomb survivors, 1950\u20132000","volume":"172","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat. 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