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Radiol. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Rocky Flats (RFs) Plant operated from 1951\u20131989 as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear complex. Its primary mission was weapons component fabrication, whereby workers were potentially exposed to radioactive and non-radioactive hazards. RF worker mortality was compared to the general population, and dose-response relationships between mortality and radiation organ doses were examined. RF workers first employed between 1951 and 1979 for \u2a7e30 d were identified (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 9397). Vital status was determined using national and state death records up to 2017. Organ doses from external photons and neutrons irritation and internalised plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), and uranium (U) were modelled as cumulative lagged total doses per year. Beryllium exposure was evaluated as an effect modifier using data from the DOE Nationwide Beryllium Medical Program. Statistical analyses included standardised mortality ratios (SMRs), Cox proportional hazard models, and excess relative risk (ERR) models. Approximately 53.2% of workers were deceased by the end of the study. Nearly 90% were monitored for radiation exposure, with a mean weighted absorbed dose of 59.0 mGy for the lungs. Nearly 45% of workers had intakes of alpha-particle emitting radionuclides, and 46.7% were monitored for neutrons. Leading causes of death included ischemic heart disease (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 999) and lung cancer (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 361). The highest SMRs were observed for berylliosis (SMR: 176.9; 95% CI: 76.2, 348.7;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 10) and asbestosis (SMR: 4.65; 95% CI: 2.23, 8.55;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10). Dose-response analyses showed no statistical increase in risk from low-dose radiation including lung cancer (ERR per 100 mGy: \u22120.02; 95% CI: \u22120.11, 0.08;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 361) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (ERR per 100 mGy: 0.13; 95% CI: \u22120.26, 0.31;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 57). Approximately 45% of workers were monitored for beryllium, with a weak non-significant indication of effect modification for lung cancer risk. The RF cohort showed no evidence of a statistically significant increase in mortality from occupational radiation exposure. However, this study was limited by low statistical power, which inhibits the ability to detect effects. Future pooling of Million Person Study (MPS) cohorts will provide further insights, particularly regarding Pu as a carcinogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae4d57","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T22:48:41Z","timestamp":1772664521000},"page":"011517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mortality among workers at the Rocky Flats Plant, 1951\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9290-4319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara C","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-8710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T","family":"Mumma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7854-0029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caleigh E","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-7559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael B","family":"Bellamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8999-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rich W","family":"Leggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0461-5015","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keith F","family":"Eckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth D","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5629-8462","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lawrence T","family":"Dauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-7702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashley P","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"jrpae4d57bib1","first-page":"1","author":"NIOSH","year":"2020","type":"report"},{"key":"jrpae4d57bib2","first-page":"1","author":"ChemRisk","year":"1992","type":"report"},{"key":"jrpae4d57bib3","first-page":"239","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improving estimates of exposures for epidemiologic studies of plutonium workers","volume":"16","author":"Ruttenber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup. 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