{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:05:06Z","timestamp":1790633106099,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Radiol. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Occupational exposure should be minimised to a level that is as low as reasonably achievable. Radiation protection aprons and thyroid collars are effective in reducing occupational radiation dose as they typically attenuate at least 90% of scattered radiation. However, cracks and holes may compromise the shielding capacity of the apron. The aim of the study was to quantify change in radiation dose behind defects to support the development of rejection criteria for damaged aprons. Air kerma rates were measured with a calibrated solid\u2010state dosimeter behind a 0.25 mm Pb\u2010equivalent apron containing seven circular defects (diameter 1.5\u201320 mm) and one horizontal crack (50 mm) under two clinical fluoroscopy settings and compared with measurements obtained behind an intact apron. The air kerma rate increased by up to 165\n                    <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gy h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    behind the damaged apron. Based on average annual fluoroscopy times per operator at Kuopio University Hospital, the use of damaged apron could result in an annual air kerma increase of 9.7 mGy behind the damaged area. Defect size and location affect the shielding performance of protective aprons. Considering defect position in rejection criteria allows more realistic estimation of the potential impact on staff effective dose and helps avoid unnecessary replacement of protective garments. Based on the present measurements, defects smaller than approximately 1 cm did not produce a meaningful increase in air-kerma values under the tested conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:48:10Z","timestamp":1783723690000},"page":"031519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of radiation protection apron defect on radiation dose during fluoroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4634-6803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"MK","family":"Liukkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital, Wellbeing services county of North Savo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8363-8787","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S","family":"Kaartinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital, Wellbeing services county of North Savo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-5267","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A-P","family":"Ronkainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital, Wellbeing services county of North Savo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"jrpae890ebib1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"59\/Euratom, laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation","volume":"L13","author":"European Council Directive","year":"2014","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2024.100154","type":"journal-article","article-title":"0.35-mm lead-equivalent aprons provide similar protection to interventionalists compared to 0.5-mm lead-equivalent aprons during fluoroscopically guided interventions","volume":"3","author":"Solano","year":"2025","journal-title":"JVS-Vasc. Insights"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_152_24","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative analysis of effectiveness of traditional lead aprons versus newer generation lead-free aprons in radiation protection","volume":"50","author":"Gurumurthi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Phys."},{"key":"jrpae890ebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110862","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of the radiation protection effect of different radiation protection aprons made of different materials","volume":"164","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"jrpae890ebib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_374_17","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple quality control tool for assessing integrity of lead equivalent aprons","volume":"28","author":"Livingstone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib6","first-page":"2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Occupational radiological protection in interventional procedures. ICRP publication 139","volume":"47","author":"Clement","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.7577\/radopen.4050","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quality of radiation protection aprons and quality control routines at different diagnostic imaging modalities","volume":"6","author":"Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiography Open"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S298783","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quality assurance of personal radiation shield for kilovoltage photon: a multicentre experience","volume":"14","author":"Bawazeer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2571-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Protective aprons in imaging departments: manufacturer stated lead equivalence values require validation","volume":"15","author":"Finnerty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"jrpae890ebib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4261\/1305-3825.DIR.4526-11.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"How protective are the lead aprons we use against ionizing radiation","volume":"18","author":"Oyar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"jrpae890ebib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3329\/bsmmuj.v11i1.35360","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Integrity test of lead apron and its effect on personnel and carers","volume":"11","author":"Daniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Univ. J."},{"key":"jrpae890ebib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200105001-00008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Operational topic inspection of lead aprons: criteria for rejection","volume":"80","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"jrpae890ebib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ace194","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reassessing lead protective garment assessment using ICRP 103 tissue weighting factors","volume":"43","author":"Brewer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"jrpae890ebib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000314763.19226.86","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inspection of Lead Aprons: A Practical Rejection Model","volume":"95","author":"Stam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health physics"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01323-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Integrity of personal radiation protective equipment (PRPE): a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"13","author":"Kellens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib16","first-page":"2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The 2007 Recommendation of the international commission on radiological protection","author":"Valentin","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICRP Publ. 103"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib17","article-title":"Rejection criteria for defects in lead apparel used for radiation protection of x-ray workers","author":"Duran","year":"2014","type":"other"},{"key":"jrpae890ebib18","article-title":"Personal Protective Equipment for Diagnostic X-ray Use: Report of a BIR Working Party June 2014 to January 2016","author":"Hiles","year":"2016","type":"book"}],"container-title":["Journal of Radiological Protection"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:48:42Z","timestamp":1784702922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ae890e","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-4746","1361-6498"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-4746","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6498","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Effect of radiation protection apron defect on radiation dose during fluoroscopy","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Radiological Protection","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published on behalf of the Society for Radiological Protection by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-01-20","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-10","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-22","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}