{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:53:05Z","timestamp":1792597985220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Radiol. Prot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The graded approach is a central principle of radiation protection regulation: regulatory requirements and oversight activities should be commensurate with the radiation risks associated with practices involving radiation sources. Although the principle is widely accepted, its practical implementation often relies on qualitative categories, expert judgement and institutional routines rather than an explicit decision model. This paper develops a Bayesian decision-theoretic formulation of inspection intensity under the graded approach. Regulated practices are represented by uncertain latent safety or compliance states, and inspection findings are treated as imperfect observations that update the regulator\u2019s beliefs. Regulatory responses are selected by minimising expected loss, while inspection intensity is chosen by comparing the expected value of information with the resource cost and burden of inspection. The framework therefore interprets proportionality not simply as more inspection for higher-risk practices, but as inspection when the expected improvement in regulatory decision making justifies the cost. A dynamic extension is introduced in which beliefs, inspection findings, regulatory responses and underlying safety states evolve over time. An illustrative Monte Carlo simulation compares four strategies: fixed periodic inspection, risk-category inspection, uncertainty-triggered inspection and Bayesian value-of-information inspection. A sensitivity analysis varies the relative cost of limited and full inspections. The results show how a value-of-information rule can reduce cumulative expected loss relative to mechanical inspection rules under the assumed parameter values, while also adapting inspection effort as inspection costs change. The simulation is not calibrated to empirical regulatory data; its purpose is to demonstrate the logic and policy interpretation of the proposed framework. The model provides a transparent formal language for discussing proportionality, uncertainty, learning and resource allocation in radiation protection inspection programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aeb138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:49:30Z","timestamp":1791413370000},"page":"041504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimising inspection intensity under the graded approach: a Bayesian decision-theoretic model for radiation protection regulation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-6979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jukka","family":"Liukkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Vantaa,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"jrpaeb138bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2007.10.003","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2007","journal-title":"The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection ICRP Publication 103"},{"key":"jrpaeb138bib2","article-title":"Governmental, legal and regulatory framework for safety: general safety requirements part 1 (Rev. 1)","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency","year":"2016","type":"other"},{"key":"jrpaeb138bib3","article-title":"Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: international basic safety standards","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency","year":"2014","type":"other"},{"key":"jrpaeb138bib4","article-title":"Functions and Processes of the Regulatory Body for Safety","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency","year":"2018","type":"other"},{"key":"jrpaeb138bib5","article-title":"Application of a graded approach in regulating the safety of radiation sources","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency","year":"2021","type":"other"},{"key":"jrpaeb138bib6","author":"Berger","year":"1985","edition":"2nd edn","type":"book"},{"key":"jrpaeb138bib7","author":"Raiffa","year":"1961","type":"book"},{"key":"jrpaeb138bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1966.300074","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Information value theory","volume":"2","author":"Howard","year":"1966","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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Published on behalf of SRP by IOP Publishing Limited. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-07-03","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-21","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}