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Even with increasing focus, successful complex tissue regeneration of vascularized bone, cartilage and the osteochondral interface remains largely illusive. This review examines current three-dimensional printing techniques and their application towards bone, cartilage and osteochondral regeneration. The importance of, and benefit to, nanomaterial integration is also highlighted with recent published examples. Early-stage successes and challenges of recent studies are discussed, with an outlook to future research in the related areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa8351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T10:20:36Z","timestamp":1501582836000},"page":"382001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Integrating three-dimensional printing and nanotechnology for musculoskeletal regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Margaret","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Plesniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijie Grace","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University"},{"name":"The George Washington University"},{"name":"The George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoaa8351bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.01.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"58","author":"Buckwalter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. 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