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However, there remains conflicting reports on their safety, which are evaluated through a combination of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure models. These discrepancies may arise, in part, due to the inherent differences between cell-based and animal systems. It is well established that nanotoxicological effects are highly dependent on the unique physicochemical properties and behavior of the particle set, including size, surface chemistry, agglomeration, and ionic dissolution. However, recent studies have identified that these properties vary as a function of exposure environment; providing a rationale for the contradictory results between\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    assessments. Artificial physiological fluids are emerging as a powerful tool as they allow for the characterization of NPs in an environment which they would likely encounter\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in addition to having the experimental advantages of flexibility and consistency. Here, we demonstrated that the utilization of artificial fluids provided a mechanism to assess AgNP behavior and induced bioresponses in environments that they would likely encounter\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . AgNPs were introduced within an alveolar-based exposure model, which included alveolar epithelial (A549) cells incubated within artificial alveolar fluid (AF). Additionally, the particles underwent extensive characterization within both AF and lysosomal fluid, which the AgNPs would encounter following cellular internalization. Following incubation in physiological environments AgNP properties were significantly modified versus a traditional media environment, including alterations to both extent of agglomeration and rate of ionic dissolution. Moreover, when A549s were exposed to AgNPs in AF, the cells displayed lower cytotoxicity and stress rates, corresponding to a fluid-dependent drop in silver ion production. This work highlights the need for enhanced\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models that more closely mimic\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure environments in order to capture true NP behaviors and cellular interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aabb9d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T13:45:23Z","timestamp":1522849523000},"page":"254001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Implementation of physiological fluids to provide insight into the characterization, fate, and biological interactions of silver nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Emily K","family":"Breitner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine E","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saber M","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4865-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen K","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoaabb9dbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv106","type":"journal-article","article-title":"At the crossroads of nanotoxicology in vitro: past achievements and current challenges","volume":"147","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2017-12-02","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-04-04","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-04-25","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}