{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:47:37Z","timestamp":1790380057936,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"45","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by a protozoa parasite from one of over 20\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Depending on the tissues infected, these diseases are classified as cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. For the treatment of leishmaniasis refractory to antimony-based drugs, pentamidine (PTM) is a molecule of great interest. However, PTM displays poor bioavailability through oral routes due to its two strongly basic amidine moieties, which restricts its administration by a parenteral route and limits its clinical use. Among various approaches, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (nano-DDS) have potential to overcome the challenges associated with PTM oral administration. Here, we present the development of PTM-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) with a focus on the characterization of their physicochemical properties and potential application as an oral treatment of leishmaniasis. NPs were prepared by a double emulsion methodology. The physicochemical properties were characterized through the mean particle size, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, yield process, drug loading, morphology,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    drug release and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    pharmacological activity. The PTM-loaded PLGA NPs presented with a size of 263\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05 nm (PdI\u00a0=\u00a00.17\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02), an almost neutral charge (\u22123.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.8 mV) and an efficiency for PTM entrapment of 91.5%. The release profile, based on PTM dissolution, could be best described by a zero-order model, followed by a drug diffusion profile that fit to the Higuchi model. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    assay showed the efficacy of orally given PTM-loaded PLGA NPs (0.4 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in infected BALB\/c mice, with significant reduction of organ weight and parasite load in spleen (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). This work successfully reported the oral use of PTM-loaded NPs, with a high potential for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, opening a new perspective to utilization of this drug in clinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab373e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T18:30:23Z","timestamp":1564597823000},"page":"455102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Oral pentamidine-loaded poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles: an alternative approach for leishmaniasis treatment"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Isabela Viol","family":"Valle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique Etnea","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina da Costa Bernardes","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2833-1771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ed\u00e9zio Ferreira","family":"da Cunha-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"da Silva Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Caio","family":"Torres-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Cl\u00e1udio Rodrigues Pereira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio Mendes","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Almada","family":"do Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1203-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pl\u00ednio Cunha","family":"Sathler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoab373ebib1","first-page":"521","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Surveillance of leishmaniasis in the WHO European Region, 2016","volume":"93","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"nanoab373ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"nanoab373ebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030295","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Climate cycles and forecasts of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a nonstationary vector-borne disease","volume":"3","author":"Chaves","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"nanoab373ebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.05.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Towards effective prevention and control of helminth neglected tropical diseases in the Western Pacific Region through multi-disease and multi-sectoral interventions","volume":"141","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"nanoab373ebib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00124-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Activity of pentamidine-loaded methacrylate nanoparticles against Leishmania infantum in a mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Durand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. 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