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To overcome these shortcomings of ZnO, herein ZnO nanoparticles are encapsulated in resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde resin-derived hard carbon and then further assembled into a 3-dimensional mesoporous framework structure using a polyvinyl pyrrolidone-derived soft carbon network. The synthesis methods include the polymerization of resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde resin and a polyvinyl pyrrolidone-boiling method. ZnO@dual carbon has af large specific surface area (153.7 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and high porosity. It exhibits excellent cycling performance and high rate capability. After 350 cycles at 500 mA g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , the ZnO@dual carbon still delivers a discharge capacity of 701 mAh g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    while the actual discharge capacity of ZnO reaches 950.9 mAh g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . At 2 A g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ZnO@dual carbon delivers the average discharge capacity of 469.6 mAh g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The electrochemical performance of ZnO@dual carbon is remarkably superior to those of ZnO@single carbon, pure carbon and pure ZnO nanoparticles, demonstrating the superiority of the dual carbon-assembly structure. This composite structure greatly improves the structural stability of ZnO, enhances its electron conductivity and overall electron transport capacity; which facilitates electrolyte penetration and Li ion diffusion, leading to improved cycling stability and good rate capability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab8328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T18:15:25Z","timestamp":1585160125000},"page":"285402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["3D porous framework of ZnO nanoparticles assembled from double carbon shells consisting of hard and soft carbon networks for high performance lithium ion batteries"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"X T","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y F","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G C","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z W","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z Y","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoab8328bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.01.025","type":"journal-article","volume":"299","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. 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