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Nevertheless, its practical applications are hindered by limitations such as low specific surface area, rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, poor electrical conductivity, and restricted photo-response ranges. This review explores recent advancements in the synthesis, modification and application of g-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and its nanocomposites with a focus on addressing these challenges. Key strategies for enhancing g-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> include various synthesis methods (solvothermal, microwave-assisted, sol\u2013gel, and vapor deposition), doping, defect engineering, heterojunction formation, and surface modifications. Their potential in energy storage and conversion applications, including photocatalytic hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, and electrochemical energy storage are also highlighted. Overall, the review underscores the importance of structural and morphological modifications in improving the photoelectrochemical performance of g-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-based nanocomposites, providing insights for future development and optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/adad7c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T22:49:13Z","timestamp":1737672553000},"page":"122002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Recent advances in graphitic carbon nitride-based nanocomposites for energy storage and conversion applications"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Shuxian","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-0550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3838-8659","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoadad7cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-024-00224-x","article-title":"Recent progress and new horizons in emerging novel MXene-based materials for energy storage applications for current environmental remediation and energy crises","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electrochem. 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