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Nevertheless, conventional unit catalysts often fall short of practical requirements, primarily due to their limited efficiency in photoinduced electron-hole transfer and the scarcity of active sites. In this work, three-dimensional porous material pg-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> was synthesized utilizing the hard template method, employing dendritic mesoporous silica as the templating agent. And the nanoparticles of BiVO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/pg-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> direct <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-heterojunction composite (BCN) were successfully constructed by using pg-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> as growth template and BiVO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                  <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> directed growth. The heterogeneous surface morphology of pg-C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> markedly enhances its capacity for visible light absorption and increases the availability of catalytic active sites. BCN demonstrates the ability to degrade 98% of Rhodamine B under simulated solar irradiation within 120 min and effectively inactivates 2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> cfu ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> under similar conditions within 60 min. Notably, after five cycles of use, the structural integrity and functional properties of the material remain largely unaltered. The superior photocatalytic degradation and photodynamic sterilization performance of BCN can be primarily attributed to its narrower band gap width of 2.34 eV, reduced electrochemical impedance, and enhanced separation and transfer rate of photogenerated carriers. Collectively, these properties facilitate the effective degradation of organic pollutants and the robust inactivation of bacteria by BCN under visible light irradiation. The successful implementation of this research offers a theoretical foundation and experimental insights for the future development of advanced <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-type photocatalysts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/adf340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T22:47:50Z","timestamp":1753310870000},"page":"325101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i> confined construction of BiVO<sub>4<\/sub>\/pg-C<sub>3<\/sub>N<sub>4<\/sub> direct <i>Z<\/i>-heterostructures and its efficient degradation and photodynamic sterilization of rhodamine under visible light"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Wenyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2834-5039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanguang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanchun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7771-3041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caibai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-8800","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoadf340bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS90020A","article-title":"Advances in solar energy conversion","volume":"48","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. 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