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Niclosamide, an FDA-approved drug used to treat tapeworm infections, has been suggested as a potential treatment for COVID-19. However, its clinical application is limited by its significant cytotoxicity and low bioavailability. To address these challenges, three types of pSiNPs\u2014pSiNP-H, pSiNP-COOH, and pSiNP-NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2014were synthesized. Niclosamide was successfully loaded onto each type of pSiNPs, achieving a loading efficiency over 30%. Among them, the antiviral activity of niclosamide-loaded pSiNP-NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was assessed against the Delta variant of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Vero E6 cells using plaque assays and real-time PCR. Results demonstrated that niclosamide-loaded pSiNP-NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    significantly suppressed viral replication more efficiently than free niclosamide at equivalent doses, while minimizing host cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that pSiNP-NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    could serve as a potent drug delivery platform, improving the therapeutic index of niclosamide for COVID-19 treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae5301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:48:26Z","timestamp":1773787706000},"page":"135701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of niclosamide-based COVID-19 therapeutic agent using porous silicon nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6605-0246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seoyoun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seulgi","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyejung","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-0498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Seung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoae5301bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.03.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Porous silicon in drug delivery devices and materials","volume":"60","author":"Anglin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. 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