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Cyclic voltammetry indicates that\n                    <jats:italic>Cb<\/jats:italic>\n                    FDH could catalyze CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction to formate without protonated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a cofactor, exhibiting diffusion-controlled, quasi-reversible kinetics on both multi-walled CNT and single-walled CNT substrates. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectra indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Cb<\/jats:italic>\n                    FDH adopts a near-parallel orientation on the CNT-modified gold surface, positioning its active site for the direct electron transfer between CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and the conductive carbon support. The IR spectra reveal an increase in the formate band\u2019s intensity in the potential region from \u22120.3 V to \u22120.6 V vs Ag\/AgCl, confirming efficient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction. Below \u22120.6 V vs Ag\/AgCl, the hydrogen evolution reaction competitively suppresses formate yield. This study demonstrates that CNTs serve as an effective support for enzyme immobilization and confirms that CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    could be directly reduced to formate at the CNT-modified electrode without a cofactor at potentials close to the equilibrium potential (minimum of overpotential). This represents a novel and unexpected finding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae53ed","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:48:21Z","timestamp":1773874101000},"page":"155702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct reduction of CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    catalyzed by a formate dehydrogenase immobilized on carbon nanotubes without NADH cofactor"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8561-5604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhangfei","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan F","family":"Biernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2175-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Quintal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"McFarlane-Urbszat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-6785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aicheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6449-7464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacek","family":"Lipkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoae53edbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202400512","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrochemical CO2 reduction: commercial innovations and prospects","volume":"12","author":"Varhade","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"nanoae53edbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2025.100807","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrochemical CO2 reduction to liquid fuels: mechanistic pathways and surface\/interface engineering of catalysts and electrolytes","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"nanoae53edbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.113150","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of methanol and formic acid as hydrogen carriers: from acquisition to utilization","volume":"47","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. 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