{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:05:27Z","timestamp":1788386727381,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009193","name":"Marsden Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21-VUW-122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-VUW-122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The dependence of the electrical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) network films on the nanoscale film morphology and structure as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) was investigated. CNT films were prepared over a controlled density range by steam-assisted solution deposition, and the structure and morphology were analysed by automated density mapping and height-distribution analysis of the AFM images. This allowed a measure of the densification and bundling of the films with deposition time. Electrical properties of the films were measured after deposition of contacts by current\u2014voltage (I\u2013V) and Van der Pauw measurements. It was found that increased bundling in the film structure correlated inversely with film resistance, linking morphology to electronic behaviour. Sparse films (\n                    <jats:bold>&lt; \u223c<\/jats:bold>\n                    110 junctions\/\n                    <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) exhibited high resistance and non-linear, Schottky-limited transport, whereas dense bundle-rich networks\n                    <jats:bold>(&gt;<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u223c160 junctions\/\n                    <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) showed near-linear or ohmic conduction through metallic percolation. Although the transition between transport regimes is density-dependent; it was found that highly dense networks can still exhibit elevated resistance due to complex inter-tube contacts. These results showed that AFM height-distribution analysis provides a rapid and predictive morphology-based framework for relating CNT-film structure to electrical performance, with broader potential for morphology-property studies in CNT-film devices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:48:10Z","timestamp":1780526890000},"page":"245201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["AFM analysis of morphology\u2013density\u2013transport relationships in carbon nanotube thin films"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0342-4590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sangar","family":"Begzaad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington"},{"name":"The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica D","family":"Happe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington"},{"name":"The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gideon","family":"Gouws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9798-9657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalie O V","family":"Plank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington"},{"name":"The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoae772cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.moem.2017.02.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes: sensor properties. A review","volume":"2","author":"Zaporotskova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.09.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metallic-semiconducting junctions create sensing hot-spots in carbon nanotube FET aptasensors near percolation","volume":"130","author":"Thanihaichelvan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.07.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-performance single-wall carbon nanotube transparent conductive films","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.80.4036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multiprobe transport experiments on individual single-wall carbon nanotubes","volume":"80","author":"Bezryadin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793292006000070","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical transport properties and field effect transistors of carbon nanotubes","volume":"1","author":"Dai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano: Brief Rep. Rev."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.201100113","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of junctions on carbon nanotube network-based devices","volume":"248","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Stat. Solidi B Res."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.87.703","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantum transport in carbon nanotubes","volume":"87","author":"Laird","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2356999","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Conductivity scaling with bundle length and diameter in single walled carbon nanotube networks","volume":"89","author":"Hecht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib9","first-page":"45","type":"other","article-title":"Spatial network conduction in carbon nanotube and Ag-Ag-S-Ag atomic switch network device platforms","author":"Browning","year":"2019"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1021\/nl803849e","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Charge transport in interpenetrating networks of semiconducting and metallic carbon nanotubes","volume":"9","author":"Topinka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5465.494","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Crossed nanotube junctions","volume":"288","author":"Fuhrer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib12","first-page":"295","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Single walled carbon nanotube junctions for nano-electronics and sensors","volume":"vol 1","author":"Lastella","year":"2006"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1021\/nl9020914","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical connectivity in single-walled carbon nanotube networks","volume":"9","author":"Nirmalraj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12315","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06176","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assembly of highly aligned carbon nanotubes using an electro-fluidic assembly process","volume":"12","author":"Chai","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0268-1242\/29\/5\/054006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metal-nanocarbon contacts","volume":"29","author":"Wilhite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semicond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1021\/nl048435y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Percolation in transparent and conducting carbon nanotube networks","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3469930","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimizing transistor performance of percolating carbon nanotube networks","volume":"97","author":"Sangwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2339029","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Resistivity scaling in single-walled carbon nanotube films patterned to submicron dimensions","volume":"89","author":"Behnam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-012-0211-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of carbon nanotube network morphology on thin film transistor performance","volume":"5","author":"Timmermans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0065730","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Charge transport in semiconducting carbon nanotube networks","volume":"8","author":"Zorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib21","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","type":"book"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1801","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes","volume":"287","author":"Zettl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/16\/8\/008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Oxygen-induced p-type doping of a long individual single-walled carbon nanotube","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256805-1-256805","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.256805","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ambipolar electrical transport in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes","volume":"87","author":"Martel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1021\/nl035185x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with integrated ohmic contacts and high-\u03ba gate dielectrics","volume":"4","author":"Javey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200803545","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatially resolved potential distribution in carbon nanotube cross-junction devices","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13659","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR08117C","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrostatic gating in carbon nanotube aptasensors","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib28","author":"Li","year":"2016","type":"book"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib29","article-title":"Semiconducting SWNTs (IsoNanotubesTM)","author":"NanoIntegris","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05653-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Determination of individual contact interfaces in carbon nanotube network-based transistors","volume":"7","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13030477","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measuring the diameter of single-wall carbon nanotubes using AFM","volume":"13","author":"Vobornik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2478\/s11534-011-0096-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gwyddion: an open-source software for SPM data analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ne\u010das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Phys."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1140422","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of contact size and placement, and of resistive inhomogeneities on van der Pauw measurements","volume":"60","author":"Koon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19025","DOI":"10.1021\/jp305677h","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Formation of carbon nanotube bucky paper and feasibility study for filtration at the nano and molecular scale","volume":"116","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11744","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3113254","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of surfactants on the electronic transport properties of thin-film transistors of single-wall carbon nanotubes","volume":"117","author":"Shimizu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3151850","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Well-aligned and suspended single-walled carbon nanotube film: directed self-assembly, patterning, and characterization","volume":"94","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063783418120296","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural and thermoelectric properties of optically transparent thin films based on single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"60","author":"Tambasov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Solid State"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800200d","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transparent conductive single-walled carbon nanotube networks with precisely tunable ratios of semiconducting and metallic nanotubes","volume":"2","author":"Blackburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4716010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tunneling resistance and its effect on the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube nanocomposites","volume":"111","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5676","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2020.3029734","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Resistive analysis of scattering-dependent electrical transport in single-wall carbon-nanotube networks","volume":"67","author":"Tripathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4871775","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple drain current model for single-walled carbon nanotube network thin-film transistors","volume":"115","author":"Sano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2819690","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dominant role of tunneling resistance in the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube-based composites","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17010071","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Advances in electrically and thermally conductive functional nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes","volume":"17","author":"Shchegolkov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2780076","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon nanotube nanocontact in T-junction structures","volume":"91","author":"Chiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b00074","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Understanding charge transport in mixed networks of semiconducting carbon nanotubes","volume":"8","author":"Rother","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1554751","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical transport through carbon nanotube junction","volume":"591","author":"Chiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"nanoae772cbib47","article-title":"Carbon-nanotube_AFM_Image_Analysis-height-junctions-segments (GitHub)","author":"Begzaad","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"nanoae772cbib48","article-title":"AFM_paper_2025 (GitHub)","author":"Begzaad","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"}],"container-title":["Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T06:21:09Z","timestamp":1781677269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ae772c","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4484","1361-6528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4484","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"AFM analysis of morphology\u2013density\u2013transport relationships in carbon nanotube thin films","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nanotechnology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-02-26","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-06-03","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-06-17","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}