{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:09:27Z","timestamp":1790255367491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"TUBITAK","award":["123C460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123C460"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe MSCA Cofund Postdoctoral Program","award":["101126492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101126492"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Photothermal therapy has emerged as a noninvasive strategy for treating cancer and infectious diseases through near-infrared-induced localized hyperthermia. MXenes, a family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have recently attracted considerable attention owing to their ultrahigh photothermal conversion efficiency. Herein, Nb\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n CT\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and Ti\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n T\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n were synthesized via hydrothermal and minimally intensive layer delamination methods, respectively. Their crystallinity and thermal stability were evaluated using x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. UV\u2013Vis\u2013NIR spectroscopy confirmed strong NIR absorption. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy verified the formation of exfoliated and delaminated MXene nanosheets. Hydrodynamic diameter of 301.9 nm and zeta potential of \u221232.44 mV were determined for Nb\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n CT\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n which was larger and more negative compared to Ti\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n T\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n with size of 178.2 nm and zeta potential of \u221226.69 mV. A higher photothermal conversion efficiency (\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n ) of 84.12% was determined for Ti\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n T\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n compared with 66.69% for Nb\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n CT\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n . The antibacterial activity of both MXenes showed a dose-dependent effect against Gram-negative\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n (\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n ) and Gram-positive\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n ), while Ti\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n T\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n exhibited stronger antibacterial performance. Under NIR irradiation, the minimum inhibitory concentration value of both MXenes decreased by twofold, indicating enhanced photothermal antibacterial performance. Under dark conditions, both MXenes showed limited cytotoxicity toward normal cells up to 200\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g ml\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , while Ti\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n T\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n exhibited pronounced cytotoxicity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, which was further enhanced under NIR irradiation. Overall, these findings characterize the NIR-responsive antibacterial activity and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n cytotoxicity of Ti\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n C\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n T\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and Nb\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n CT\n \n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , providing a basis for further evaluation of their biomedical applicability.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aea29e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:47:32Z","timestamp":1788562052000},"page":"385701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photothermal performance of Nb\n 2<\/sub>\n CT\n \n x<\/sub>\n <\/i>\n and Ti\n 3<\/sub>\n C\n 2<\/sub>\n T\n \n x<\/sub>\n <\/i>\n MXenes for antibacterial and\n in vitro<\/i>\n cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3848-7948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mina","family":"Masoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-1484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mina","family":"Namvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"nanoaea29ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-00901-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent advancements on photothermal conversion and antibacterial applications over MXenes-based materials","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomicro Lett."},{"key":"nanoaea29ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-025-01469-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design strategies in developing MXene-based anti-icing\/deicing coatings: toward energy-efficient and durable solutions","volume":"8","author":"Ayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. 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