{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:45:11Z","timestamp":1790775911103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["1 K01 CA172478-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 K01 CA172478-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We investigate via Monte Carlo simulations a new\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I brachytherapy treatment technique for high-risk prostate cancer patients via injection of Au nanoparticle (AuNP) directly into the prostate. The purpose of using the nanoparticles is to increase the therapeutic index via two synergistic effects: enhanced energy deposition within the prostate and simultaneous shielding of organs at risk from radiation escaping from the prostate. Both uniform and non-uniform concentrations of AuNP are studied. The latter are modeled considering the possibility of AuNP diffusion after the injection using brachy needles. We study two extreme cases of coaxial AuNP concentrations: centered on brachy needles and centered half-way between them.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Assuming uniform distribution of 30\u2009mg g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    of AuNP within the prostate, we obtain a dose enhancement larger than a factor of 2 to the prostate. Non-uniform concentration of AuNP ranging from 10\u2009mg g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 66\u2009mg g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    were studied. The higher the concentration in a given region of the prostate the greater is the enhancement therein. We obtain the highest dose enhancement when the brachytherapy needles are coincident with AuNP injection needles but, at the same time, the regions in the tail are colder (average dose ratio of 0.7). The best enhancement uniformity is obtained with the seeds in the tail of the AuNP distribution. In both uniform and non-uniform cases the urethra and rectum receive less than 1\/3 dose compared to an analog treatment without AuNP.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Remarkably, employing AuNP not only significantly increases dose to the target but also decreases dose to the neighboring rectum and even urethra, which is embedded within the prostate. These are mutually interdependent effects as more enhancement leads to more shielding and vice-versa. Caution must be paid since cold spot or hot spots may be created if the AuNP concentration versus seed position is not properly distributed respect to the seed locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa5bc7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T11:46:10Z","timestamp":1485863170000},"page":"1935-1948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Monte Carlo study of I-125 prostate brachytherapy with gold nanoparticles: dose enhancement with simultaneous rectal dose sparing via radiation shielding"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Brivio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"Dana Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P L","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"Dana Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Sajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Ngwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"Dana Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Zygmanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"Dana Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaa5bc7bib001","article-title":"American Cancer Society","author":"ACS","year":"2016","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmbaa5bc7bib002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1297)","type":"journal-article","article-title":"First human study testing a new radio enhancer using nanoparticles (NBTXR3) activated by radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced soft tissue sarcomas","author":"Bonvalot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2016-10-27","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-01-24","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-02-13","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}