{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:41:01Z","timestamp":1794048061238,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/L020262\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L020262\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n High intensity transcranial focused ultrasound is an FDA approved treatment for essential tremor, while low-intensity applications such as neurostimulation and opening the blood brain barrier are under active research. Simulations of transcranial ultrasound propagation are used both for focusing through the skull, and predicting intracranial fields. Maps of the skull acoustic properties are necessary for accurate simulations, and can be derived from medical images using a variety of methods. The skull maps range from segmented, homogeneous models, to fully heterogeneous models derived from medical image intensity. In the present work, the impact of uncertainties in the skull properties is examined using a model of transcranial propagation from a single element focused transducer. The impact of changes in bone layer geometry and the sound speed, density, and acoustic absorption values is quantified through a numerical sensitivity analysis. Sound speed is shown to be the most influential acoustic property, and must be defined with less than 4% error to obtain acceptable accuracy in simulated focus pressure, position, and volume. Changes in the skull thickness of as little as 0.1\u2009mm can cause an error in peak intracranial pressure of greater than 5%, while smoothing with a 1\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n m<\/mml:mi>\n \n \n \n m<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mstyle>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mstyle>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n kernel to imitate the effect of obtaining skull maps from low resolution images causes an increase of over 50% in peak pressure. The numerical results are confirmed experimentally through comparison with sonications made through 3D printed and resin cast skull bone phantoms.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa5e98","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T11:45:18Z","timestamp":1486381518000},"page":"2559-2580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Sensitivity of simulated transcranial ultrasound fields to acoustic medium property maps"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley E","family":"Treeby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaa5e98bib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591057","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound for BOLD fMRI signal modulation in humans","volume":"38","author":"Ai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)"},{"key":"pmbaa5e98bib002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1529663","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of noninvasive transskull adaptive focusing based on prior computed tomography scans","volume":"113","author":"Aubry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2016-10-30","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-02-06","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-03-01","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}