{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:49:42Z","timestamp":1775918982099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["Number R01 EB013558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Number R01 EB013558"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Because of the concerns associated with radiation exposure at a young age, there is an increased interest in pediatric absorbed dose estimates for imaging agents. Almost all reported pediatric absorbed dose estimates, however, have been determined using adult pharmacokinetic data with radionuclide\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    values that take into account the anatomical differences between adults and children based upon the older Cristy\u2013Eckerman (C\u2013E) stylized phantoms. In this work, we use pediatric model-derived pharmacokinetics to compare absorbed dose and effective dose estimates for\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F-FDG in pediatric patients using\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    values generated from two different geometries of computational phantoms. Time-integrated activity coefficients of\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F-FDG in brain, lungs, heart wall, kidneys and liver, retrospectively, calculated from 35 pediatric patients at the Boston\u2019s Children Hospital were used. The absorbed dose calculation was performed in accordance with the Medical Internal Radiation Dose method using\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    values generated from the University of Florida\/National Cancer Institute (UF\/NCI) hybrid phantoms, as well as those from C\u2013E stylized computational phantoms. The effective dose was computed using tissue-weighting factors from ICRP Publication 60 and ICRP Publication 103 for the C\u2013E and UF\/NCI, respectively. Substantial differences in the absorbed dose estimates between UF\/NCI hybrid pediatric phantoms and the C\u2013E stylized phantoms were found for the lungs, ovaries, red bone marrow and urinary bladder wall. Large discrepancies in the calculated dose values were observed in the bone marrow; ranging between\u2009\u2009\u221226% to\u2009\u2009+199%. The effective doses computed by the UF\/NCI hybrid phantom\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    values were slightly different than those seen using the C\u2013E stylized phantoms with percent differences of\u2009\u2009\u22120.7%, 2.9% and\u2009\u20092.5% for a newborn, 1 year old and 5 year old, respectively. Differences in anatomical modeling features among computational phantoms used to perform Monte Carlo-based photon and electron transport simulations for\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F, and very likely for other radionuclides, impact internal organ dosimetry computations for pediatric nuclear medicine studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T07:35:40Z","timestamp":1531985740000},"page":"165012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Re-evaluation of pediatric\n                    <sup>18<\/sup>\n                    F-FDG dosimetry: Cristy\u2013Eckerman versus UF\/NCI hybrid computational phantoms"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Kitiwat","family":"Khamwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon E","family":"O\u2019Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donika","family":"Plyku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Goodkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Josefsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic H","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S Ted","family":"Treves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley E","family":"Bolch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Sgouros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaad47abib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-7364-1-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effective dose to adult patients from 338 radiopharmaceuticals estimated using ICRP biokinetic data, ICRP\/ICRU computational reference phantoms and ICRP 2007 tissue weighting factors","volume":"1","author":"Andersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.056036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MIRD pamphlet no. 21: a generalized schema for radiopharmaceutical dosimetry\u2014standardization of nomenclature","volume":"50","author":"Bolch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib004","article-title":"Specific absorbed fractions of energy at various ages from internal photon sources: part I","author":"Cristy","year":"1987","type":"book"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.054130","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetry of pediatric PET\/CT","volume":"50","author":"Fahey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2016.10.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose estimation in pediatric nuclear medicine","volume":"47","author":"Fahey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.069609","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Minimizing and communicating radiation risk in pediatric nuclear medicine","volume":"52","author":"Fahey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-015-0153-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose optimization in pediatric nuclear medicine","volume":"4","author":"Fahey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3211-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation doses for pediatric nuclear medicine studies: comparing the North American consensus guidelines and the pediatric dosage card of the European Association of nuclear medicine","volume":"45","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib010","first-page":"210","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MIRD dose estimate report no. 19: radiation absorbed dose estimates from 18F-FDG","volume":"43","author":"Hays","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib011","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"1991","type":"book"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2007.10.003","type":"book","volume":"vol 37","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2007"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2008.10.004","type":"book","volume":"vol 38","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2008"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/8\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Response functions for computing absorbed dose to skeletal tissues from photon irradiation\u2014an update","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib0001a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.203893","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative dosimetry for 68Ga-DOTATATE: impact of using updated ICRP phantoms, S values, and tissue-weighting factors","volume":"59","author":"Josefsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0157-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic modeling of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for premature infants, and newborns through 5 year-olds","volume":"6","author":"Khamwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2817-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pediatric radiopharmaceutical administration: harmonization of the 2007 EANM paediatric dosage card (version 1.5. 2008) and the 2010 North American consensus guideline","volume":"41","author":"Lassmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3474-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Standardization of administered activities in paediatric nuclear medicine: the EANM perspective","volume":"43","author":"Lassmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/2\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The UF family of reference hybrid phantoms for computational radiation dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645314558019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ICRP Publication 128: Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals: a compendium of current information related to frequently used substances","volume":"44","author":"Mattsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2009.09.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ICRP Publication 110. Realistic reference phantoms: an ICRP\/ICRU joint effort. A report of adult reference computational phantoms","volume":"39","author":"Menzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/17\/307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Creation of two tomographic voxel models of paediatric patients in the first year of life","volume":"47","author":"Nipper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib022","article-title":"Dosimetry for pediatric 18F-FDG molecular imaging studies (abstract)","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2017","type":"other"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib023","first-page":"387","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Estimated radiation dose to the newborn in FDG-PET studies","volume":"37","author":"Ruotsalainen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.092221","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An approach for balancing diagnostic image quality with cancer risk: application to pediatric diagnostic imaging of 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid","volume":"52","author":"Sgouros","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2014.03.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Basic principles in the radiation dosimetry of nuclear medicine","volume":"44","author":"Stabin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib026","first-page":"1023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"OLINDA\/EXM: the second-generation personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine","volume":"46","author":"Stabin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9551-2","type":"book","author":"Treves","year":"2014","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"pmbaad47abib028","first-page":"15N","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Update of the North American consensus guidelines for pediatric administered radiopharmaceutical activities","volume":"57","author":"Treves","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.139980","type":"journal-article","article-title":"International guidelines for pediatric radiopharmaceutical administered activities","volume":"55","author":"Group ESPDHW","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/5\/1433","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Internal photon and electron dosimetry of the newborn patient\u2014a hybrid computational phantom study","volume":"57","author":"Wayson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/5\/1165","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of radiation dose to anthropomorphic paediatric models from positron-emitting labelled tracers","volume":"59","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbaad47abib032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4819939","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pediatric radiation dosimetry for positron-emitting radionuclides using anthropomorphic phantoms","volume":"40","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0031-9155\/63\/i=16\/a=165012?key=crossref.b19a228b4b25a0d675f8157441642d4e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0031-9155\/63\/i=16\/a=165012\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0031-9155\/63\/i=16\/a=165012\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0031-9155\/63\/i=16\/a=165012?key=crossref.b19a228b4b25a0d675f8157441642d4e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:56:29Z","timestamp":1775915789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad47a","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Re-evaluation of pediatric\n                      18\n                      F-FDG dosimetry: Cristy\u2013Eckerman versus UF\/NCI hybrid computational phantoms","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2018-01-28","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-07-19","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-08-14","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}