{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:49:53Z","timestamp":1775918993283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032738","name":"Brainlab AG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004952","name":"Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this work is to develop a prototype system for continuous, three-dimensional (3D) monitoring of patient cranial motion during stereotactic radiosurgery. Using novel capacitive detector plates, the goal was to provide detection of cranial position inside a thermoplastic immobilizing mask, without relying on skin monitoring or use of ionizing radiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A novel capacitive detector array was used to detect cranial translations with sub-millimeter accuracy. The array was comprised of four conductive plates arranged around the cranium. One superior plate was positioned at the cranial vertex, two lateral plates were positioned in sagittal planes at the lateral aspects of the cranium and one plate was located in a coronal plane anterior to the face. The system was calibrated by parameterizing a capacitive signal for each dimension as a function of spatial translation. The detector array performance was evaluated with the help of a volunteer in the absence of radiation. Separately, possible effects of electromagnetic interference and irradiation in the linac suite were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Detector plates mounted at 1\u2009cm original distance to the thermoplastic mask can detect sub-millimeter lateral and superior cranial motion. Detection of sub-millimeter anterior motion is possible when the plate is mounted closer to the patient (5\u201310\u2009mm). No signal interference was observed when the capacitive array was irradiated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our prototype detector array provides continuous, 3D translation detection with sub-millimeter precision. The signal provides sufficient signal to noise ratio and is stable in linac room environment and in direct radiation beam. The detector plate is sensitive to the position of the cranium inside a mask and offers the advantage of being insensitive to the mask itself. Future work will involve modifying the array to detect patient rotation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]],"date-time":"2018-07-27T06:15:10Z","timestamp":1532672110000},"page":"165019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A novel intra-fraction motion monitoring system for stereotactic radiosurgery: proof of concept"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Lincoln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E A","family":"Avila Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J L","family":"Robar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaad643bib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3611044","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical accuracy of ExacTrac intracranial frameless stereotactic system","volume":"38","author":"Ackerly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-016-0089-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A short review on copper calcium titanate (CCTO) electroceramic: synthesis, dielectric properties, film deposition, and sensing application","volume":"8","author":"Ahmadipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Micro Lett."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12251","type":"journal-article","article-title":"To frame or not to frame? Cone-beam CT-based analysis of head immobilization devices specific to linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Babic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.11.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accuracy of a wireless localization system for radiotherapy","volume":"61","author":"Balter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1109\/10.554770","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid at body temperature","volume":"44","author":"Baumann","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib006","first-page":"e607","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The continuous assessment of cranial motion in thermoplastic masks during CyberKnife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"8","author":"Bichay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cur\u0113us"},{"key":"pmbaad643bib007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2731031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accuracy and feasibility of cone-beam computed tomography for stereotactic radiosurgery setup","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v13i6.3916","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Six degrees of freedom CBCT-based positioning for intracranial targets treated with frameless stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"13","author":"Dhabaan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v9i4.2828","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Simulation of intrafraction motion and overall geometric accuracy of a frameless intracranial radiosurgery process","volume":"9","author":"Feygelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v15i1.4528","type":"journal-article","article-title":"AAPM medical physics practice guideline 2. A: commissioning and quality assurance of x-ray-based image-guided radiotherapy systems","volume":"15","author":"Fontenot","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib011","article-title":"Proximity capacitive touch sensor controller-document number: MPR121","author":"Freescale Semiconductor","year":"2013","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmbaad643bib012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00029679-198911120-00001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"11","author":"Friedman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Contemp. Neurosurg."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.05.048","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a robotic 6-degree of freedom treatment couch for frameless radiosurgery","volume":"83","author":"Gevaert","year":"2012a","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.01.052","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Setup accuracy of the Novalis ExacTrac 6DOF system for frameless radiosurgery","volume":"82","author":"Gevaert","year":"2012b","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.05.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reliability of the bony anatomy in image-guided stereotactic radiotherapy of brain metastases","volume":"69","author":"Guckenberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-7-63","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric consequences of translational and rotational errors in frame-less image-guided radiosurgery","volume":"7","author":"Guckenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604285","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Large in-mask motion during frameless radiosurgery of a brain metastasis","volume":"79","author":"Harat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. Cent. Eur. Neurosurg."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i2.5102","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Estimation of patient setup uncertainty using BrainLAB Exatrac x-ray 6D system in image-guided radiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Infusino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4801912","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Estimation of optimal margin for intrafraction movements during frameless brain radiosurgery","volume":"40","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3596526","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Motion monitoring for cranial frameless stereotactic radiosurgery using video-based three-dimensional optical surface imaging","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2015.12.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accuracy evaluation of the optical surface monitoring system on EDGE linear accelerator in a phantom study","volume":"41","author":"Mancosu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Dosim."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4918319","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree analysis of surface image guided cranial radiosurgery","volume":"42","author":"Manger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555614","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and silver","volume":"8","author":"Matula","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"pmbaad643bib024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009716","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of relative humidity and sea level pressure on electrical conductivity of air over Indian Ocean","volume":"114","author":"Pawar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11151-8_4","type":"book","article-title":"Frame-based and frameless accuracy of Novalis\u00ae radiosurgery","author":"Rahimian","year":"2011"},{"key":"pmbaad643bib026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2009.12.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A clinical comparison of patient setup and intra-fraction motion using frame-based radiosurgery versus a frameless image-guided radiosurgery system for intracranial lesions","volume":"95","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v6i1.1998","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Analysis of patient repositioning accuracy in precision radiation therapy using automated image fusion","volume":"6","author":"Robar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib028","type":"report","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"vol 54","author":"Schell","year":"1995"},{"key":"pmbaad643bib029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2006.08.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Decrease in equivalent series resistance of electric double-layer capacitor by addition of carbon nanotube into the activated carbon electrode","volume":"15","author":"Show","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1109\/7.869502","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Classical equivalent circuit parameters for a double-layer capacitor","volume":"36","author":"Spyker","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib031","author":"Varian Medical Systems","year":"2014","type":"book"},{"key":"pmbaad643bib032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111712","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4823757","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatial and temporal performance of 3D optical surface imaging for real-time head position tracking","volume":"40","author":"Wiersma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.01.050","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Target localization and real-time tracking using the Calypso 4D localization system in patients with localized prostate cancer","volume":"65","author":"Willoughby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbaad643bib034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12211","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Minimal mask immobilization with optical surface guidance for head and neck radiotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:56:54Z","timestamp":1775915814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad643","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"A novel intra-fraction motion monitoring system for stereotactic radiosurgery: proof of concept","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2018-04-07","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-07-27","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-08-22","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}