{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:18:11Z","timestamp":1778779091037,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Dead time correction (DTC) is an important factor in ensuring accurate quantification in PET measurements. This is currently often achieved using a global DTC method, i.e., an average DTC factor is computed. For PET scanners designed to image dedicated organs, e.g., those used in brain imaging or positron emission mammography (PEM), a substantial amount of the administered radioactivity is located outside of the PET field-of-view (FOV). This activity contributes to the dead time (DT) of the scintillation detectors. Moreover, the count rates of the individual scintillation detectors are potentially very inhomogeneous due to the specific irradiation of each detector, especially for combined MR\/PET systems, where radiation shields cannot be applied. Approach: We have developed a block-pairwise DTC method for our Siemens 3T MR BrainPET insert by extending a previously published method that uses the delayed random coincidence count rate to estimate the DT in the individual scans and planes (i.e., scintillation pixel rings). The method was validated in decay experiments using phantoms with a homogenous activity concentration and with and without out-of-FOV activity. Based on a three-compartment phantom, we compared the accuracy and noise properties of the block-pairwise DTC and the global DTC method.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The currently used global DTC led to a substantial positive bias in regions with high activity; the block-pairwise DTC resulted in substantially less bias. The noise level for the block-pairwise DTC was comparable to the global DTC and image reconstructions without any DTC. Finally, we tested the block-pairwise DTC with a data set obtained from volunteer measurements using the mGluR5 (metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5) antagonist [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]ABP688. When the relative differences in activity concentrations obtained with global DTC and block-pairwise DTC for the ACC and the cerebellum GM were compared, the ratios differed by a factor of up to 1.4 at the beginning\u2014when the first injection is administered as a bolus with high radioactivity.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this work, global DTC was shown to have the potential to introduce quantification bias, while better quantitation accuracy was achieved with the presented block-pairwise DTC method. The method can be implemented in all systems that use the delayed window technique and is particulary expected to improve the quantiation accuracy of dedicated brain PET scanners due to their geometry.\u2019\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aca1f3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T17:22:21Z","timestamp":1668100941000},"page":"235004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A detector block-pairwise dead time correction method for improved quantitation with a dedicated BrainPET scanner"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5030-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahlam Said Mohamad","family":"Issa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"},{"name":"JARA - BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Aachen,"},{"name":"RWTH Aachen University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3474-430X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Scheins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Tellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Lopez-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University: Complutense University of Madrid"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquin L","family":"Herraiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University: Complutense University of Madrid"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia R\u00e9gio","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Neuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"},{"name":"JARA - BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Aachen,"},{"name":"RWTH Aachen University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"Jon Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"},{"name":"JARA - BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Aachen,"},{"name":"RWTH Aachen University"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, JARA, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2749-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaca1f3bib2","first-page":"1","type":"other","article-title":"Performance of the ultra-compact fully integrated brain PET system BPET","author":"Ahnen","year":"2020"},{"key":"pmbaca1f3bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35684-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Understanding the intrinsic radioactivity energy spectrum from 176Lu in LYSO\/LSO scintillation crystals","volume":"8","author":"Alva-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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