{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:10:42Z","timestamp":1791616242398,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01 CA196667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA196667"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RF1AG070149-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG070149-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    To evaluate the performance of two photon-counting (PC) detectors based on different detector materials, gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium telluride (CdTe), for PC micro-CT imaging of phantoms with multiple contrast materials. Another objective is to determine if combining these two detectors in the same micro-CT system can offer higher spectral performance and significant artifact reduction compared to a single detector system.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We have constructed a dual-detector, micro-CT system equipped with two PCDs based on different detector materials: gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). We demonstrate the performance of these detectors for PC micro-CT imaging of phantoms with up to 5 contrast materials with K-edges spread across the x-ray spectrum ranging from iodine with a K-edge at 33.2 keV to bismuth with a K-edge at 90.5 keV. We also demonstrate the use of our system to image a mouse prepared with both iodine and bismuth contrast agents to target different biological systems.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    When using the same dose and scan parameters, GaAs shows increased low energy (&lt;50 keV) spectral sensitivity and specificity compared to CdTe. However, GaAs performance at high energies suffers from spectral artifacts and has comparatively low photon counts indicating wasted radiation dose. We demonstrate that combining a GaAs-based and a CdTe-based PC detector in the same micro-CT system offers higher spectral performance and significant artifact reduction compared to a single detector system.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    More accurate PC micro-CT using a GaAs PCD alone or in combination with a CdTe PCD could serve for developing new contrast agents such as nanoparticles that show promise in the developing field of theranostics (therapy and diagnostics).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T18:35:00Z","timestamp":1679682900000},"page":"085023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Micro-CT imaging of multiple K-edge elements using GaAs and CdTe photon counting detectors"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-705X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A J","family":"Allphin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D P","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Thuering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DECTRIS, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Hospital\/Baylor College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K B","family":"Ghaghada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Hospital\/Baylor College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1850-2522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C T","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbacc77ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/21\/5\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Energy-selective reconstructions in x-ray computerized tomography","volume":"21","author":"Alvarez","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.22621","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dual-energy CT imaging of tumor liposome delivery after gold nanoparticle","volume":"8","author":"Ashton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00256","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo small animal micro-CT using nanoparticle contrast agents","volume":"6","author":"Ashton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers Pharmacol."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab03e2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional imaging of tumor vasculature using iodine and gadolinium-based nanoparticle contrast agents: a comparison of spectral micro-CT using energy integrating and photon counting detectors","volume":"64","author":"Badea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180324","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hybrid spectral CT reconstruction","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/27\/11\/115012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multi-energy CT based on a prior rank, intensity and sparsity model (PRISM)","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.8.3.033504","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization of a GaAs photon-counting detector for mammography","volume":"8","author":"Ghammraoui","year":"2021a","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging (Bellingham)"},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.8.4.049801","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Erratum: Characterization of a GaAs photon-counting detector for mammography","volume":"8","author":"Ghammraoui","year":"2021b","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging (Bellingham)"},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2512235","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose-independent near-ideal DQE of a 75 \u03bcm pixel GaAs photon counting spectral detector for breast imaging","volume":"10948","author":"Gkoumas","year":"2019","journal-title":"SPIE Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/14\/02\/C02010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stack of Timepix-based detectors with Si, GaAs:Cr and CdTe sensors with optimized thickness for spectral CT","volume":"14","author":"Kozhevnikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2217180","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A high-resolution imaging technique using a whole-body, research photon counting detector CT system","volume":"9783","author":"Leng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180115","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Photon-counting detector CT: system design and clinical applications of an emerging technology","volume":"39","author":"Leng","year":"2019","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0523","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A liposomal nanoscale contrast agent for preclinical CT in mice","volume":"186","author":"Mukundan","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac7d34","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Material decomposition from photon-counting CT using a convolutional neural network and energy-integrating CT training labels,","volume":"67","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-16210","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tutorial on x-ray photon counting detector characterization","volume":"26","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Xray Sci. Technol."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.38.000196","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The sensitivity performance of the human eye on an absolute scale","volume":"38","author":"Rose","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0020262","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomedical x-ray imaging with a GaAs photon-counting detector: A comparative study","volume":"5","author":"Scholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apl. Photon."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4820371","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Vision 20\/20: Single photon counting x-ray detectors in medical imaging","volume":"40","author":"Taguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018172656","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Photon-counting CT: technical principles and clinical prospects","volume":"289","author":"Willemink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pmbacc77ebib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2021.165046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spectral and DQE performance of 300 mu m and 500 mu m thick GaAs:Cr x-ray photon counting detectors for imaging applications","volume":"992","author":"Zambon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth A"}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:01:36Z","timestamp":1778778096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc77e","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Micro-CT imaging of multiple K-edge elements using GaAs and CdTe photon counting detectors","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-11-17","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-03-24","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-04-12","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}