{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:01:15Z","timestamp":1792785675904,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["T32CA009206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA009206"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In photon counting detectors (PCDs), electric pulses induced by two or more x-ray photons can pile up and result in count losses when their temporal separation is less than the detector dead time. The correction of pulse pile-up-induced count loss is particularly difficult for paralyzable PCDs since a given value of recorded counts can correspond to two different values of true photon interactions. In contrast, charge (energy) integrating detectors work by integrating collected electric charge induced by x-rays over time and do not suffer from pile-up losses. This work introduces an inexpensive readout circuit element to the circuits of PCDs to simultaneously collect time-integrated charge to correct pile-up-induced count losses.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Prototype electronics were constructed to collect time-integrated charges simultaneously with photon counts. A splitter was used to feed the electric signal in parallel to both a digital counter and a charge integrator. After recording PCD counts and integrating collected charge, a lookup table can be generated to map raw counts in the total- and high-energy bins and total charge to estimate pile-up-free true counts. Proof-of-concept imaging experiments were performed with a CdTe-based PCD array to test this method.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The proposed electronics successfully recorded photon counts and time-integrated charge simultaneously, and whereas photon counts exhibited paralyzable pulse pile-up, time-integrated charge using the same electric signal as the counts measurement was linear with x-ray flux. With the proposed correction, paralyzable PCD counts became linear with input flux for both total- and high-energy bins. At high flux levels, uncorrected post-log measurements of PMMA objects severely overestimated radiological path lengths for both energy bins. After the proposed correction, the non-monotonic measurements again became linear with flux and accurately represented the true radiological path lengths. No impact on the spatial resolution was observed after the proposed correction in images of a line-pair test pattern.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Time-integrated charge can be used to correct for pulse pile-up in paralyzable PCDs where analytical solutions may be difficult to use, and integrated charge can be collected simultaneously with counts using inexpensive electronics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ace2a9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T18:45:23Z","timestamp":1687977923000},"page":"155003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Simultaneous photon counting and charge integrating for pulse pile-up correction in paralyzable photon counting detectors"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4373-439X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Treb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Radtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley S","family":"Culberson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2672-2672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbace2a9bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/8\/02\/C02016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Medipix3RX: a high resolution, zero dead-time pixel detector readout chip allowing spectroscopic imaging","volume":"8","author":"Ballabriga","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-04-05","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-06-28","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-07-19","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}