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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Non-primary radiation doses to normal tissues from proton therapy may be associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies, particularly in long-term survivors. Thus, a systematic method to evaluate if the dose level of non-primary radiation meets the IEC standard requirements is needed.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Different from the traditional photon radiation therapy system, proton therapy systems are composed of several subsystems in a thick bunker. These subsystems are all possible sources of non-primary radiation threatening the patient. As a case study, 7 sources in the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system are modeled in Monte Carlo (MC) code: tandem injector, injection, synchrotron ring, extraction, beam transport line, scanning nozzle and concrete reflection\/scattering. To accurately evaluate the synchrotron beam loss and non-primary dose, a new model called the torus source model is developed. Its parametric equations define the position and direction of the off-orbit particle bombardment on the torus pipe shell in the Cartesian coordinate system. Non-primary doses are finally calculated by several FLUKA simulations.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The ratios of summarized non-primary doses from different sources to the planned dose of 2 Gy are all much smaller than the IEC requirements in both the 15\u201350 cm and 50\u2013200 cm regions. Thus, the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system is clean and patient-friendly, and there is no need an inner shielding concrete between the accelerator and patient.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Non-primary radiation dose level is a very important indicator to evaluate the quality of a PT system. This manuscript provides a feasible MC procedure for synchrotron-based proton therapy with new beam loss model. Which could help people figure out precisely whether this level complies with the IEC standard before the system put into clinical treatment. What\u2019 more, the torus source model could be widely used for bending magnets in gantries and synchrotrons to evaluate non-primary doses or other radiation doses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acede7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T18:41:20Z","timestamp":1691433680000},"page":"245003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A torus source and its application for non-primary radiation evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Han-Long","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China"},{"name":"Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-7433","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin-Long","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Guang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie-Fang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-Israeli Healthy Alliance International Medical Technology Co., Ltd, AcceleratorLaboratory, Weifang 261000,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5803-9731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Source, Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, Beijing 102401,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Juan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong-Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian-Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Hao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Yang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Ze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Qiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Atomic Energy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbacede7bib1","first-page":"1","type":"report","article-title":"PTCOG report 1 PTCOG Publications sub-committee task group on shielding design and radiation safety of charged particle therapy facilities: addendum","author":"Addendum","year":"2009"},{"key":"pmbacede7bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(98)00049-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Secondary neutron and photon dose in proton therapy","volume":"48","author":"Agosteo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiother. 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