{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:01:13Z","timestamp":1784977273852,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. Water-equivalent dosimeters are desirable for dosimetry in radiotherapy. The present work investigates basic characteristics of novel aqueous detector materials and presents a signal loss approach for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry. <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>. The proposed principle is based on the radiation dose dependent annihilation of EPR active nitroxides (NO\u00b7) in aqueous solutions. Stable nitroxide radicals (3-Maleimido-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (MmP), 3-Carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (CmP)) in aqueous solutions containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an additive were filled in glass capillaries for irradiation and EPR readout. Radiation doses ranging from 1 to 64 Gy were applied with a clinical 6 MV flattening filter free photon beam. EPR readout was then performed with a X-band benchtop spectrometer. The dose response, temporal stability and reproducibility of the samples\u2019 EPR signal amplitudes as well as the influence of the nitroxide concentration between 10 and 160 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>M on the absolute signal loss were investigated using MmP. CmP was used to examine the dependence of the dose response on DMSO concentration between 0 and 10 vol%. An indirect effect model was fitted to the experimental data assuming irradiation induced radical reactions as the underlying mechanism. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. For an initial MmP concentration of 20 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>M, absolute EPR signal loss is linear up to a dose of 16 Gy with a yield G(-NO\u00b7) of approximately 0.4 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>mol J<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Within five weeks upon sample irradiation to doses between 0 and 32 Gy relative EPR signal fluctuations were on average (126 readouts) below 1% (1<jats:italic>\u03c3<\/jats:italic>). For c(MmP) \u2265 20 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>M, absolute signal loss is only weakly dependent on c(MmP), whereas it increases strongly with increasing c(DMSO) in the range 0\u20135 vol%. An indirect effect model is applicable to describe the reaction mechanism resulting in the observed dose response curve. <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>. Liquids consisting of nitroxides in aqueous solution and small amounts of DMSO (2 vol%) show promising basic characteristics for application as water-equivalent EPR dosimeter materials in radiotherapy. The EPR signal loss is based on an indirect effect mediated by diffusing radicals originating from the radiolysis of the water\/DMSO mixture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad25c4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T23:05:00Z","timestamp":1706915100000},"page":"055026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards liquid EPR dosimetry using nitroxides in aqueous solution"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3630-0000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian","family":"H\u00f6fel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Zwicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3911-3403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael K","family":"Fix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malte","family":"Drescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbad25c4bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598691","article-title":"AAPM\u2019s TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams","volume":"26","author":"Almond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. 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