{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T22:03:46Z","timestamp":1792361026718,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":319,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["70114398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70114398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Modern radiotherapy delivers highly conformal dose distributions to irregularly shaped target volumes while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. Due to the complex planning and delivery techniques, dose verification and validation of the whole treatment workflow by end-to-end tests became much more important and polymer gel dosimeters are one of the few possibilities to capture the delivered dose distribution in 3D. The basic principles and formulations of gel dosimetry and its evaluation methods are described and the available studies validating device-specific geometrical parameters as well as the dose delivery by advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as 3D-CRT\/IMRT and stereotactic radiosurgery treatments, the treatment of moving targets, online-adaptive magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy as well as proton and ion beam treatments, are reviewed. The present status and limitations as well as future challenges of polymer gel dosimetry for the validation of complex radiotherapy techniques are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T17:24:11Z","timestamp":1707413051000},"page":"06TR01","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Validation of complex radiotherapy techniques using polymer gel dosimetry"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7194-8136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian P","family":"Karger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO),"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-9931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alina","family":"Elter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO),"},{"name":"University Hospital Heidelberg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8185-8644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan","family":"Dorsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO),"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-4861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philipp","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO),"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8052-6392","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of West Attica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Oldham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbad278fbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/14\/001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sophisticated test objects for the quality assurance of optical computed tomography scanners","volume":"56","author":"Abdul Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.08.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A new less toxic polymer gel dosimeter: radiological characteristics and dosimetry properties","volume":"53","author":"Abtahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14859","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Technical note: three-dimensional QA of simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy treatments by a dose-volume histogram methodology and its comparison with 3D gamma results","volume":"48","author":"Acurio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1595296","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New 3D radiochromic solid polymer dosimeter from leuco dyes and a transparent polymeric matrix","volume":"30","author":"Adamovics","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nci555","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterisation of PRESAGE: a new 3-D radiochromic solid polymer dosemeter for ionising radiation","volume":"120","author":"Adamovics","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.12.023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Delivered dose distribution visualized directly with onboard kV-CBCT: proof of principle","volume":"103","author":"Adamson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4883779","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the feasibility of polyurethane based 3D dosimeters with optical CT for dosimetric verification of low energy photon brachytherapy seeds","volume":"41","author":"Adamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/573\/1\/012042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Implementation of an efficient workflow process for gel dosimetry using 3D slicer","volume":"573","author":"Alexander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2012.11.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of ultra-sensitive leucomalachite dye derivatives for use in the PRESAGE (R) dosimeter","volume":"85","author":"Alqathami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2021.110015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review study on application of gel dosimeters in low energy radiation dosimetry","volume":"179","author":"Alyani Nezhad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596676","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Imaging of radiation dose by visible color development in ferrous-agarose-xylenol orange gels","volume":"18","author":"Appleby","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v3i2.2575","type":"journal-article","article-title":"CT gel dosimetry technique: comparison of a planned and measured 3D stereotactic dose volume","volume":"3","author":"Audet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/6\/009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An apparent threshold dose response in ferrous xylenol-orange gel dosimeters when scanned with a yellow light source","volume":"53","author":"Babic","year":"2008a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.11.032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional dose verification for intensity-modulated radiation therapy in the radiological physics centre head-and-neck phantom using optical computed tomography scans of ferrous xylenol-orange gel dosimeters","volume":"70","author":"Babic","year":"2008b","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6791","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/22\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiochromic leuco dye micelle hydrogels: II. Low diffusion rate leuco crystal violet gel","volume":"54","author":"Babic","year":"2009a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/8\/014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional dosimetry of small megavoltage radiation fields using radiochromic gels and optical CT scanning","volume":"54","author":"Babic","year":"2009b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152606","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical-CT 3D dosimetry using fresnel lenses with minimal refractive-index matching fluid","volume":"11","author":"Bache","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/8\/310","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ferrous sulphate gel dosimetry and MRI for proton beam dose measurements","volume":"44","author":"B\u00e4ck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2008.06.031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulation and polymer gel dosimetry of 60 MeV clinical proton beams for the treatment of ocular tumours","volume":"67","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/3\/019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental procedure for the manufacture and calibration of polyacrylamide gel (PAG) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiation dosimetry","volume":"43","author":"Baldock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/5\/R01","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Baldock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03178282","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental determination of the diffusion coefficient in two-dimensions in ferrous sulphate gels using the finite element method","volume":"24","author":"Baldock","year":"2001a","journal-title":"Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14239","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gel dosimetry provides the optimal end-to-end quality assurance dosimetry for MR-linacs","volume":"47","author":"Baldock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/2\/312","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose resolution in radiotherapy polymer gel dosimetry: effect of echo spacing in MRI pulse sequence","volume":"46","author":"Baldock","year":"2001b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/4\/303","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimized MR imaging for polyacrylamide gel dosimetry","volume":"45","author":"Baustert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/17\/018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High resolution MR based polymer dosimetry versus film densitometry: a systematic study based on the modulation transfer function approach","volume":"49","author":"Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab2ba8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Real-time intrafraction motion monitoring in external beam radiotherapy","volume":"64","author":"Bertholet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(94)90366-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Realization and verification of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with modulated fields","volume":"30","author":"Bortfeld","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/16\/011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimetry for synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy and iodine dose-enhancement measurements","volume":"52","author":"Boudou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2008.06.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiological properties of the PRESAGE and PAGAT polymer dosimeters","volume":"66","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13576","type":"journal-article","article-title":"End to end comparison of surface-guided imaging versus stereoscopic x-rays for the SRS treatment of multiple metastases with a single isocenter using 3D anthropomorphic gel phantoms","volume":"23","author":"Bry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4805111","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A prototype fan-beam optical CT scanner for 3D dosimetry","volume":"40","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012051","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tumor-tracking radiotherapy of moving targets; verification using 3D polymer gel, 2D ion-chamber array and biplanar diode array","volume":"250","author":"Ceberg","year":"2010a","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/17\/001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"RapidArc treatment verification in 3D using polymer gel dosimetry and Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"55","author":"Ceberg","year":"2010b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/7\/012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cosolvent-free polymer gel dosimeters with improved dose sensitivity and resolution for x-ray CT dose response","volume":"56","author":"Chain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4048\/jbc.2022.25.e37","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intensity modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy in the treatment of breast cancer: an updated review","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Breast. Cancer"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0298-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel in rat skull to assess the accuracy of a new rat stereotactic device for use with the gamma Knife","volume":"151","author":"Charest","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4915530","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigations into the feasibility of optical-CT 3D dosimetry with minimal use of refractively matched fluids","volume":"42","author":"Chisholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2712042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Introducing gel dosimetry in a clinical environment: Customization of polymer gel composition and magnetic resonance imaging parameters used for 3D dose verifications in radiosurgery and intensity modulated radiotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Crescenti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-3889(15)70450-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gel dosimetry for the dose verification of intensity modulated radiotherapy treatments","volume":"12","author":"De Deene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/3\/1\/006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Essential characteristics of polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"3","author":"De Deene","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"How to scan polymer gels with MRI?","volume":"250","author":"De Deene","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8090599","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation dosimetry by use of radiosensitive hydrogels and polymers: mechanisms, state-of-the-art and perspective from 3D to 4D","volume":"8","author":"De Deene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/17\/306","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimization of multiple spin-echo sequences for 3D polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"47","author":"De Deene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/4\/304","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An investigation of the chemical stability of a monomer\/polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"45","author":"De Deene","year":"2000d","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/19\/301","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A basic study of some normoxic polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"47","author":"De Deene","year":"2002a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/573\/1\/012008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Uncertainty in 3D gel dosimetry","volume":"573","author":"De Deene","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/10\/006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The influence of cooling rate on the accuracy of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"52","author":"De Deene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/4\/1543","type":"journal-article","article-title":"FlexyDos3D: a deformable anthropomorphic 3D radiation dosimeter: radiation properties","volume":"60","author":"De Deene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/444\/1\/012015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the reliability of 3D gel dosimetry","volume":"444","author":"De Deene","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/14\/307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose-response stability and integrity of the dose distribution of various polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"47","author":"De Deene","year":"2002b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/3\/012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The fundamental radiation properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: a comparison between a methacrylic acid based gel and acrylamide based gels","volume":"51","author":"De Deene","year":"2006a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2208939","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three dimensional radiation dosimetry in lung-equivalent regions by use of a radiation sensitive gel foam: proof of principle","volume":"33","author":"De Deene","year":"2006b","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/10\/312","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Artefacts in multi-echo T2 imaging for high-precision gel dosimetry: III. Effects of temperature drift during scanning","volume":"46","author":"De Deene","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1522-2594(200001)43:1<116::aid-mrm14>3.0.co;2-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Validation of MR-based polymer gel dosimetry as a preclinical three-dimensional verification tool in conformal radiotherapy","volume":"43","author":"De Deene","year":"2000c","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-8140(98)00087-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional dosimetry using polymer gel and magnetic resonance imaging applied to the verification of conformal radiation therapy in head-and-neck cancer","volume":"48","author":"De Deene","year":"1998a","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/7\/307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Artefacts in multi-echo T2 imaging for high-precision gel dosimetry: I. Analysis and compensation of eddy currents","volume":"45","author":"De Deene","year":"2000a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/7\/308","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Artefacts in multi-echo T2 imaging for high-precision gel dosimetry: II. Analysis of B1-field inhomogeneity","volume":"45","author":"De Deene","year":"2000b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00115-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mathematical analysis and experimental investigation of noise in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging applied in polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"70","author":"De Deene","year":"1998b","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abb9f7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Towards real-time 4D radiation dosimetry on an MRI-Linac","volume":"65","author":"De Deene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/s0730-725x(96)00380-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose distribution of proton beams with NMR measurements of Fricke-agarose gels","volume":"15","author":"Di Capua","year":"1997","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2017.07.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Novel GTA-PVA Fricke gels for three-dimensional dose mapping in radiotherapy","volume":"106","author":"d\u2019Errico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiation Meas."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2008.06.026","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The history and principles of chemical dosimetry for 3D radiation fields: gels, polymers and plastics","volume":"67","author":"Doran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/18\/6279","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Establishing the suitability of quantitative optical CT microscopy of PRESAGE(R) radiochromic dosimeters for the verification of synchrotron microbeam therapy","volume":"58","author":"Doran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/5\/018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An investigation of the potential of optical computed tomography for imaging of synchrotron-generated x-rays at high spatial resolution","volume":"55","author":"Doran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/12\/309","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A CCD-based optical CT scanner for high-resolution 3D imaging of radiation dose distributions: equipment specifications, optical simulations and preliminary results","volume":"46","author":"Doran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab4540","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurement of isocenter alignment accuracy and image distortion of an 0.35 T MR-Linac system","volume":"64","author":"Dorsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11NT02\u20131NT02","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aac228","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Feasibility of polymer gel-based measurements of radiation isocenter accuracy in magnetic fields","volume":"63","author":"Dorsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac101e","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Anisotropic diffusion of Fe ions in Fricke-XO-Pluronic F-127 and Fricke-XO-gelatine 3D radiotherapy dosimeters","volume":"66","author":"Dudek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.04.016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical implementation of intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) for rectal cancer","volume":"60","author":"Duthoy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.*Biol.*Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(03)00663-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Whole abdominopelvic radiotherapy (WAPRT) using intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT): first clinical experience","volume":"57","author":"Duthoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.*Biol.*Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aafef0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Compatibility of 3D printing materials and printing techniques with PAGAT gel dosimetry","volume":"64","author":"Elter","year":"2019a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab4d8e","type":"journal-article","article-title":"End-to-end test of an online adaptive treatment procedure in MR-guided radiotherapy using a phantom with anthropomorphic structures","volume":"64","author":"Elter","year":"2019b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2167\/1\/012020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gel dosimetry as a tool for clinical implementation of image-guided radiotherapy","volume":"2167","author":"Elter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac12a5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"PAGAT gel dosimetry for everyone: gel production, measurement and evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Elter","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac3e0c","type":"journal-article","article-title":"End-to-end test for fractionated online adaptive MR-guided radiotherapy using a deformable anthropomorphic pelvis phantom","volume":"66","author":"Elter","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(99)00131-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-resolution dose profile studies based on MR imaging with polymer BANG(TM) gels in stereotactic radiation techniques","volume":"18","author":"Ertl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2018.08.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A systematic review of clinical applications of polymer gel dosimeters in radiotherapy","volume":"143","author":"Farhood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N53","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/4\/N04","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Formaldehyde increases MAGIC gel dosimeter melting point and sensitivity","volume":"53","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/12\/303","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere","volume":"46","author":"Fong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6531","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/16\/6531","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison between monte carlo simulation and measurement with a 3D polymer gel dosimeter for dose distributions in biological samples","volume":"60","author":"Furuta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2015.05.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An anthropomorphic multimodality (CT\/MRI) head phantom prototype for end-to-end tests in ion radiotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Gallas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab08d0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization of radiochromic poly(vinylalcohol)\u2013glutaraldehyde Fricke gels for dosimetry in external x-ray radiation therapy","volume":"52","author":"Gallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.191040","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric verification of small fields in the lung using lung-equivalent polymer gel and monte carlo simulation","volume":"14","author":"Gharehaghaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/3\/314","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Studies of magnetization transfer and relaxation in irradiated polymer gels - interpretation of MRI-based dosimetry","volume":"46","author":"Gochberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21143","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging via selective inversion recovery with short repetition times","volume":"57","author":"Gochberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v13i6.3877","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MAGAT gel and EBT2 film-based dosimetry for evaluating source plugging-based treatment plan in gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"13","author":"Gopishankar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v12i2.3333","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MRI-based polymer gel dosimetry for validating plans with multiple matrices in Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"12","author":"Gopishankar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/29\/10\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurement of radiation dose distributions by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging","volume":"29","author":"Gore","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/12\/009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation dose distributions in three dimensions from tomographic optical density scanning of polymer gels: I. Development of an optical scanner","volume":"41","author":"Gore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)01436-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamic arc radiosurgery and radiotherapy: commissioning and verification of dose distributions","volume":"49","author":"Grebe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/17\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Linear energy transfer dependence of a normoxic polymer gel dosimeter investigated using proton beam absorbed dose measurements","volume":"49","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1576392","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MAGIC-type polymer gel for three-dimensional dosimetry: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy verification","volume":"30","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12997","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Validation of PTV margin for gamma knife icon frameless treatment using a pseudopatient\u00ae prime anthropomorphic phantom","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ab57ce","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimization of MLC parameters for TPS calculation and dosimetric verification: application to single isocenter radiosurgery of multiple brain lesions using VMAT","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.73.865.10721321","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose response characteristics and basic dose distribution data for a polymerization-based dosemeter gel evaluated using MR","volume":"73","author":"Haraldsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"The British Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/4\/011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose response evaluation of a low-density normoxic polymer gel dosimeter using MRI","volume":"51","author":"Haraldsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2013.10.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A dosimetric study of small photon fields using polymer gel and gafchromic EBT films","volume":"39","author":"Hassani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Dosim."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrt139","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric verification for intensity-modulated arc therapy plans by use of 2D diode array, radiochromic film and radiosensitive polymer gel","volume":"55","author":"Hayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2019.106226","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Novel radiochromic gel dosimeter based on a polyvinyl alcohol - Iodide complex","volume":"131","author":"Hayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/8\/302","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamics of polymerization in polyacrylamide gel (PAG) dosimeters: (II) modelling oxygen diffusion","volume":"44","author":"Hepworth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1575557","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Use of BANG polymer gel for dose measurements in a 68 MeV proton beam","volume":"30","author":"Heufelder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2018.08.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gel dosimetry for three dimensional proton range measurements in anthropomorphic geometries","volume":"29","author":"Hillbrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/9\/309","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimetry using x-ray computed tomography: a feasibility study","volume":"45","author":"Hilts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/8\/008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Technical considerations for implementation of x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"50","author":"Hilts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/20\/7131","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preparation of polymer gel dosimeters based on less toxic monomers and gellan gum","volume":"58","author":"Hiroki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/573\/1\/012067","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A new dosimeter formulation for deformable 3D dose verification","volume":"573","author":"Hoye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.1.SPINE16684","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stereotactic body radiotherapy for de novo spinal metastases: systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Husain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1593636","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Initial evaluation of commercial optical CT-based 3D gel dosimeter","volume":"30","author":"Islam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/4\/314","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Treatment planning for heavy ion radiotherapy: clinical implementation and application","volume":"46","author":"J\u00e4kel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2020.109125","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization of a new N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing polymer gel dosimeter with Pluronic F-127 gel matrix","volume":"177","author":"Jaszczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad9d5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Substituting gelatine with Pluronic F-127 matrix in 3D polymer gel dosimeters can improve nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal and optical properties","volume":"63","author":"Jaszczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2020.11.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose-response of deformable radiochromic dosimeters for spot scanning proton therapy","volume":"16","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/10\/3137","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry prototype: I. remnant artefact removal","volume":"57","author":"Jirasek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1460873","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relative effectiveness of polyacrylamide gel dosimeters applied to proton beams: Fourier transform Raman observations and track structure calculations","volume":"29","author":"Jirasek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/18\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimeters with enhanced sensitivity for use in x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Jirasek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abbb76","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Linac-integrated kV-cone beam CT polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"65","author":"Jirasek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/10\/3155","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry prototype: II. Gel characterization and clinical application","volume":"57","author":"Johnston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5130","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3626487","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improved image quality for x-ray CT imaging of gel dosimeters","volume":"38","author":"Kakakhel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/6\/013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose verification of single shot gamma knife applications using VIPAR polymer gel and MRI","volume":"50","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.08.349","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple and efficient methodology to improve geometric accuracy in gamma knife radiation surgery: implementation in multiple brain metastases","volume":"90","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R193","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/21\/R01","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetry for ion beam radiotherapy","volume":"55","author":"Karger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4236\/ijmpcero.2018.72022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of temperature dependence of polymer gels for use with scanning magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"07","author":"Kawamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Phys. Clin. Eng. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2013.02.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of three-dimensional polymer gel dosimetry using x-ray CT and R2 MRI","volume":"77","author":"Kawamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1996.0042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effects of cross-link density and chemical exchange on magnetization transfer in polyacrylamide gels","volume":"110","author":"Kennan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Ser. B"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2015.05.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Role of gel dosimeters in boron neutron capture therapy","volume":"103","author":"Khajeali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101717","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Basic properties of a new polymer gel for 3d-dosimetry at high dose-rates typical for fff irradiation based on dithiothreitol and methacrylic acid (MAGADIT): sensitivity, range, reproducibility, accuracy, dose rate effect and impact of oxygen scavenger","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2019.04.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Technical design and concept of a 0.35 T MR-linac","volume":"18","author":"Kl\u00fcter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/9\/013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of the NMR, optical and x-ray CT dose-response of polymer gel dosimeters incorporating cosolvents to improve dose sensitivity","volume":"54","author":"Koeva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R161","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/23\/R161","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Motion in radiotherapy: photon therapy","volume":"57","author":"Korreman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2011.07.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"How do monomeric components of a polymer gel dosimeter respond to ionising radiation: a steady-state radiolysis towards preparation of a 3D polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"80","author":"Kozicki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202201023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"First combined, double-density LCV-pluronic F-127 radiochromic dosimeter mimicking lungs and muscles","volume":"8","author":"Kozicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.11.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical radiotherapy application of N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing 3D polymer gel dosimeters with remote external MR-reading","volume":"69","author":"Kozicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(03)00311-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reactions of hydroxyl radicals, H atoms and hydrated electrons with N,N \u2018-methylenebisacrylamide in aqueous solution. A pulse radiolysis study","volume":"68","author":"Kozicki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143961","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Laser light trapping phenomenon in a 3D radiotherapy polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"14","author":"Kozicki","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1305\/1\/012035","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional radiochromic and polymer gel dosimeters with Pluronic F-127 matrix\u2014a review of current research","volume":"1305","author":"Kozicki","year":"2019a","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072550","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Features of PABIG(nx) 3D polymer gel as an ionising radiation dosimeter","volume":"15","author":"Kozicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1305\/1\/012067","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A chemical evolution of NVP-containing VIPAR-family 3D polymer gel dosimeters\u2014a brief overview","volume":"1305","author":"Kozicki","year":"2019b","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa5089","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the development of a VIPAR(nd) radiotherapy 3D polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"62","author":"Kozicki","year":"2017a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109479","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preliminary study on a 3D lung mimicking dosimeter based on pluronic F-127 matrix","volume":"185","author":"Kozicki","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(02)00209-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pulse radiolysis study of diacrylate macromonomer in aqueous solution","volume":"65","author":"Kozicki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5668","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa77eb","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TTC-Pluronic 3D radiochromic gel dosimetry of ionizing radiation","volume":"62","author":"Kozicki","year":"2017b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/573\/1\/012070","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The polyGeVero\u00ae software for fast and easy computation of 3D radiotherapy dosimetry data","volume":"573","author":"Kozicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/15\/4111","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Software for 3D radiotherapy dosimetry. validation","volume":"59","author":"Kozicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/8\/007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Focusing optics of a parallel beam CCD optical tomography apparatus for 3D radiation gel dosimetry","volume":"51","author":"Krstajic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/13\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization of a parallel-beam CCD optical-CT apparatus for 3D radiation dosimetry","volume":"52","author":"Krstajic","year":"2007a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N257","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/11\/N01","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fast laser scanning optical-CT apparatus for 3D radiation dosimetry","volume":"52","author":"Krstajic","year":"2007b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-020-01524-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Medical physics challenges in clinical MR-guided radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Kurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aabbb6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tetrazolium salts-pluronic F-127 gels for 3D radiotherapy dosimetry","volume":"63","author":"Kwiatos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.08.027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of magnetic field effects on the dose-response of 3D dosimeters for magnetic resonance\u2014image guided radiation therapy applications","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib152","first-page":"107","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional verification of intracranial target point deviation using mri-based polymer-gel dosimetry for conventional and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Protect."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/10\/310","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose resolution optimization of polymer gel dosimeters using different monomers","volume":"46","author":"Lepage","year":"2001a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012055","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D dosimetry fundamentals: gels and plastics","volume":"250","author":"Lepage","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/11\/304","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnetization transfer imaging for polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"47","author":"Lepage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/11\/305","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modelling of post-irradiation events in polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"46","author":"Lepage","year":"2001b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/4\/311","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The relationship between radiation-induced chemical processes and transverse relaxation times in polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"46","author":"Lepage","year":"2001c","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2005.03.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cone-beam-CT guided radiation therapy: technical implementation","volume":"75","author":"Letourneau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v17i5.6320","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric validation for an automatic brain metastases planning software using single-isocenter dynamic conformal arcs","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.11.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tridimensional dose evaluation of the respiratory motion influence on breast radiotherapy treatments using conformal radiotherapy, forward IMRT, and inverse IMRT planning techniques","volume":"81","author":"Lizar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1779371","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Treatment planning and verification of proton therapy using spot scanning: initial experiences","volume":"31","author":"Lomax","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2960219","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Performance evaluation of an improved optical computed tomography polymer gel dosimeter system for 3D dose verification of static and dynamic phantom deliveries","volume":"35","author":"Lopatiuk-Tirpak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3651467","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatial correlation of proton irradiation-induced activity and dose in polymer gel phantoms for PET\/CT delivery verification studies","volume":"38","author":"Lopatiuk-Tirpak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.7785\/tcrt.2012.500263","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Direct response to proton beam linear energy transfer (LET) in a novel polymer gel dosimeter formulation","volume":"11","author":"Lopatiuk-Tirpak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/8\/308","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel measurement of dose homogeneity in the breast: comparing MLC intensity modulation with standard wedged delivery","volume":"48","author":"Love","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598248","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions","volume":"25","author":"Low","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3514120","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetry tools and techniques for IMRT","volume":"38","author":"Low","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.09.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modern brachytherapy","volume":"41","author":"Lukens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8100663","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Chemical overview of gel dosimetry systems: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Macchione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/71353258","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of phantom volume and shape on the accuracy of MRI BANG gel dosimetry using BANG3TM","volume":"81","author":"MacDougall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R107","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/20\/201","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A systematic review of the precision and accuracy of dose measurements in photon radiotherapy using polymer and Fricke MRI gel dosimetry","volume":"47","author":"MacDougall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrw025","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiological properties of nanocomposite fricke gel dosimeters for heavy ion beams","volume":"57","author":"Maeyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.6b11936","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Organic-gelatin-free nanocomposite fricke gel dosimeter","volume":"121","author":"Maeyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2013.09.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A diffusion-free and linear-energy-transfer-independent nanocomposite Fricke gel dosimeter","volume":"96","author":"Maeyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2018.05.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nanoclay gel-based radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeters using various fluorescence probes","volume":"5","author":"Maeyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2023.111363","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Linear-energy-transfer-independent nanoclay radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeter under energetic ion beams of 28Si14+, 40Ar18+, 56Fe26+, 132Xe54+,and 12C6+","volume":"216","author":"Maeyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.1609220232","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radio-fluorogenic nanoclay gel dosimeters with reduced linear energy transfer dependence for carbon-ion beam radiotherapy","volume":"50","author":"Maeyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/heidok.00022913)","type":"other","article-title":"Development and implementation of 3D-dosimetric end-to-end tests in adaptive radiation therapy of moving tumors: faculty of physics and astronomy","author":"Mann","year":"2017"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/847\/1\/012040","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Validation of 4D dose calculation using an independent motion monitoring by the calypso tracking system and 3D polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"847","author":"Mann","year":"2017a","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aafd41","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Absolute dosimetry with polymer gels-a TLD reference system","volume":"64","author":"Mann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab8578","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Feasibility of markerless fluoroscopic real-time tumor detection for adaptive radiotherapy: development and end-to-end testing","volume":"65","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa51b1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D dosimetric validation of motion compensation concepts in radiotherapy using an anthropomorphic dynamic lung phantom","volume":"62","author":"Mann","year":"2017b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.04.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose uncertainty and resolution of polymer gel dosimetry using an MRI guided radiation therapy system\u2019s onboard 0.35 T scanner","volume":"73","author":"Maraghechi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physica Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109730","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Basic features of VIC-T dosimeter with spiral CT readout, CT scanning conditions and data processing with a new polyGeVero-CT software package","volume":"189","author":"Maras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6807","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196807ARTN","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fast isocenter determination using 3D polymer Gel dosimetry with kilovoltage cone-beam CT reading and the polygevero-CT software package for linac quality assurance in radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Maras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7020074","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydrogels for three-dimensional ionizing-radiation dosimetry","volume":"7","author":"Marrale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib187","author":"Maryanski","year":"1994a","type":"patent"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(93)90030-H","type":"journal-article","article-title":"NMR relaxation enhancement in gels polymerized and cross-linked by ionizing radiation: a new approach to 3D dosimetry by MRI","volume":"11","author":"Maryanski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597717","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation therapy dosimetry using magnetic resonance imaging of polymer gels","volume":"23","author":"Maryanski","year":"1996a","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib190","first-page":"10\u2013 1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three dimensional dose distributions for160 MeV protons using MRI of the tissue-equivalent BANG polymer-gel dosimeter","volume":"13","author":"Maryanski","year":"1994b","journal-title":"Particles (PTCPG) Newsletter"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/39\/9\/010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions using a polymer-gel dosimeter","volume":"39","author":"Maryanski","year":"1994c","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/12\/010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation dose distributions in three dimensions from tomographic optical density scanning of polymer gels: II. Optical properties of the BANG polymer gel","volume":"41","author":"Maryanski","year":"1996b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2021.04.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D dosimetric validation of ultrasound-guided radiotherapy with a dynamically deformable abdominal phantom","volume":"84","author":"Matrosic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12687","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Deformable abdominal phantom for the validation of real-time image guidance and deformable dose accumulation","volume":"20","author":"Matrosic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aab501","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Introduction of a deformable x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry system","volume":"63","author":"Maynard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12080","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of accuracy and precision in polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"44","author":"Maynard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/56\/1\/004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fundamentals of polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"56","author":"McAuley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.73.873.11064643","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation dosimetry using polymer gels: methods and applications","volume":"73","author":"McJury","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00536-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Image registration of BANG gel dose maps for quantitative dosimetry verification","volume":"43","author":"Meeks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1716296","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modifed spin-echo method for measuring nuclear relaxation times","volume":"29","author":"Meiboom","year":"1958","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12810","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tolerance limits and methodologies for IMRT measurement-based verification QA: Recommendations of AAPM Task Group No. 218","volume":"45","author":"Miften","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7040233","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Whole three-dimensional dosimetry of carbon ion beams with an MRI-based nanocomposite fricke gel dosimeter using rapid T1 mapping method","volume":"7","author":"Mizukami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2020.106372","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Novel 3D polymer gel dosimeters based on N-(3-Methoxypropyl)acrylamide (NMPAGAT) for quality assurance in radiation oncology","volume":"135","author":"Moftah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14142887","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review of PRESAGE radiochromic polymer and the compositions for application in radiotherapy dosimetry","volume":"14","author":"Mohyedin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3183500","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gamma knife output factor measurements using VIP polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"36","author":"Moutsatsos","year":"2009a","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4789922","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessment and characterization of the total geometric uncertainty in Gamma Knife radiosurgery using polymer gels","volume":"40","author":"Moutsatsos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012060","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the use of polymer gels for assessing the total geometrical accuracy in clinical Gamma Knife radiosurgery applications","volume":"250","author":"Moutsatsos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/164\/1\/012053","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gamma knife relative dosimetry using VIP polymer gel and EBT radiochromic films","volume":"164","author":"Moutsatsos","year":"2009b","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/8\/017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of the basic properties of the BANGkit\u2122 gel dosimeter","volume":"52","author":"Murakami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2021.109754","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of two calibration methods for MRI-based polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"174","author":"Natanasabapathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2022.01.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of an anthropomorphic ion chamber and 3D gel dosimetry head phantom at a 0.35 T MR-linac using separate 1.5 T MR-scanners for gel readout","volume":"32","author":"Nierer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14497","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Report of AAPM task group 235 radiochromic film dosimetry: an update to TG-55","volume":"47","author":"Niroomand-Rad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3676185","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel technique to enable experimental validation of deformable dose accumulation","volume":"39","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(02)00064-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quality control of the stereotactic radiosurgery procedure with the polymer-gel dosimetry","volume":"63","author":"Novotn\u00fd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/3\/1\/011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical-CT scanning of polymer gels","volume":"3","author":"Oldham","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/56\/1\/006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D dosimetry by optical-CT scanning","volume":"56","author":"Oldham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012064","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ScanSim: a tool for simulating optical-CT imaging","volume":"250","author":"Oldham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/5\/005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An investigation into the dosimetry of a nine-field tomotherapy irradiation using BANG-gel dosimetry","volume":"43","author":"Oldham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib219","article-title":"Methods and Techniques for Comprehensive 3D Dosimetry","author":"Oldham","year":"2014","type":"book"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1655710","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical-CT gel-dosimetry: II. Optical artifacts and geometrical distortion","volume":"31","author":"Oldham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2005.03.026","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cone-beam-CT guided radiation therapy: a model for on-line application","volume":"75","author":"Oldham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1559835","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical-CT gel-dosimetry: I. Basic investigations","volume":"30","author":"Oldham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1380430","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High resolution gel-dosimetry by optical-CT and MR scanning","volume":"28","author":"Oldham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6203.75466","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Small field dose delivery evaluations using cone beam optical computed tomography-based polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"36","author":"Olding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/10\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cone beam optical computed tomography for gel dosimetry I: scanner characterization","volume":"55","author":"Olding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/5\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cone-beam optical computed tomography for gel dosimetry II: imaging protocols","volume":"56","author":"Olding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/34\/1\/004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ferrous sulphate gels for determination of absorbed dose distributions using MRI technique: basic studies","volume":"34","author":"Olsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/37\/12\/006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diffusion of ferric ions in agarose dosimeter gels","volume":"37","author":"Olsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2736779","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TG-69: radiographic film for megavoltage beam dosimetry","volume":"34","author":"(American Association of Physics in M)","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comprehensive radiation and imaging isocenter verification using NIPAM kV-CBCT dosimetry","volume":"47","author":"Pant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4736810","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the output factor measurements of the cyberknife iris collimator small fields: experimental determination of the k(Q(clin),Q(msr) ) (f(clin),f(msr) ) correction factors for microchamber and diode detectors","volume":"39","author":"Pantelis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2919099","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric characterization of cyberknife radiosurgical photon beams using polymer gels","volume":"35","author":"Pantelis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad516","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the total system error of a robotic radiosurgery system: phantom measurements, clinical evaluation and long-term analysis","volume":"63","author":"Pantelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3404289","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the implementation of a recently proposed dosimetric formalism to a robotic radiosurgery system","volume":"37","author":"Pantelis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3538924","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Technical note: a fast laser-based optical-CT scanner for three-dimensional radiation dosimetry","volume":"38","author":"Papadakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/9\/004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional dose verification of the clinical application of gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery using polymer gel and MRI","volume":"50","author":"Papagiannis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab52ce","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric performance of the elekta unity MR-linac system: 2D and 3D dosimetry in anthropomorphic inhomogeneous geometry","volume":"64","author":"Pappas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/10\/320","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A new polymer gel for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiation dosimetry","volume":"44","author":"Pappas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2977829","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Small SRS photon field profile dosimetry performed using a PinPoint air ion chamber, a diamond detector, a novel silicon-diode array (DOSI), and polymer gel dosimetry. analysis and intercomparison","volume":"35","author":"Pappas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2349691","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental determination of the effect of detector size on profile measurements in narrow photon beams","volume":"33","author":"Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1916048","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relative output factor measurements of a 5 mm diameter radiosurgical photon beam using polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"32","author":"Pappas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/3\/313","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Narrow stereotactic beam profile measurements using N-vinylpyrrolidone based polymer gels and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"46","author":"Pappas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13580","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Target localization accuracy in frame-based stereotactic radiosurgery: comparison between MR-only and MR\/CT co-registration approaches","volume":"23","author":"Pappas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1120-1797(06)80003-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An investigation of dose calculation accuracy in intensity-modulated radiotherapy of sites in the head & neck","volume":"22","author":"Partridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physica Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4704496","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tomotherapy dose distribution verification using MAGIC-f polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"39","author":"Pavoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155223","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact of salt on thermal stability and dose response of the fricke-XO-pluronic F-127 3D radiotherapy dosimeter","volume":"15","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596901","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic relaxation characterization of irradiated Fricke solution","volume":"19","author":"Podgorsak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.02.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review of cone-beam CT applications for adaptive radiotherapy of prostate cancer","volume":"59","author":"Posiewnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3147256","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Differential dose volume histograms of gamma knife in the presence of inhomogeneities using MRI-polymer gel dosimetry and MC simulation","volume":"36","author":"Pourfallah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N321","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/24\/N321","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Performance of an improved first generation optical CT scanner for 3D dosimetry","volume":"58","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/7\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Integrating a MRI scanner with a 6 MV radiotherapy accelerator: dose increase at tissue-air interfaces in a lateral magnetic field due to returning electrons","volume":"50","author":"Raaijmakers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/4\/006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnetic-field-induced dose effects in MR-guided radiotherapy systems: dependence on the magnetic field strength","volume":"53","author":"Raaijmakers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8020078","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improved dose response of N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide gel dosimeter with calcium chloride for radiotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Rabaeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2021.106540","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improvement on the performance of chemically cross-linked fricke methylthymol-blue radiochromic gel dosimeter by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide","volume":"141","author":"Rabaeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aaaa45","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A fast dual wavelength laser beam fluid-less optical CT scanner for radiotherapy 3D gel dosimetry I: design and development","volume":"63","author":"Ramm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/12\/3853","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical CT scanner for in-air readout of gels for external radiation beam 3D dosimetry","volume":"57","author":"Ramm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N95","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/9\/401","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional BANG gel dosimetry in conformal carbon ion radiotherapy","volume":"45","author":"Ramm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/164\/1\/012057","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phantom for moving organ dosimetry with gel","volume":"164","author":"Ravindran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13403","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gel and thermoluminescence dosimetry for dose verifications of a real anatomy simulated prostate conformal radiation treatment in the presence of metallic femoral prosthesis","volume":"22","author":"Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-0985-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Linac-based VMAT radiosurgery for multiple brain lesions: comparison between a conventional multi-isocenter approach and a new dedicated mono-isocenter technique","volume":"13","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib261","first-page":"PO\u20131760, pp S1478\u2013 9","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"A low budget synthesis apparatus for reproducible production of dosimetry gels","author":"Runz","year":"2023"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib262","first-page":"223\u20132 32","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Robustness of single-isocenter multiple-metastasis stereotactic radiosurgery end-to-end testing across institutions","volume":"7","author":"Saenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Radiosurg. SBRT"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.10.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric and localization accuracy of Elekta high definition dynamic radiosurgery","volume":"54","author":"Saenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2804616","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fast, high-resolution 3D dosimetry utilizing a novel optical-CT scanner incorporating tertiary telecentric collimation","volume":"35","author":"Sakhalkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/164\/1\/012058","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigating the feasibility of 3D dosimetry in the RPC IMRT H&N phantom","volume":"164","author":"Sakhalkar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.04.029","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose verification in clinical IMRT prostate incidents","volume":"59","author":"Sandilos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v7i4.2273","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical and dose delivery accuracy evaluation in radiosurgery using polymer gels","volume":"7","author":"Sandilos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1078\/0939-3889-00313","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Application of normoxic polymer gels in 3D-dosimetry for radiosurgery]","volume":"16","author":"Scheib","year":"2006","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0582","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional dose verification using BANG gel: a clinical example","volume":"97","author":"Scheib","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(93)90247-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stereotactically guided fractionated radiotherapy: technical aspects","volume":"29","author":"Schlegel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/3\/1\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Review of fricke gel dosimeters","volume":"3","author":"Schreiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/573\/1\/012003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"True 3D chemical dosimetry (gels, plastics): development and clinical role","volume":"573","author":"Schreiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/847\/1\/012001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reviewing three dimensional dosimetry: basics and utilization as presented over 17 Years of DosGel and IC3Ddose","volume":"847","author":"Schreiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"250","author":"Schreiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aba6d7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the feasibility of absolute 3D dosimetry using LiF thermoluminescence detectors and polymer gels on a 0.35T MR-LINAC","volume":"65","author":"Schwahofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/14\/001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimeters with reduced toxicity: a preliminary investigation of the NMR and optical dose\u2013response using different monomers","volume":"51","author":"Senden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140210","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical projection tomography","volume":"6","author":"Sharpe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068206","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical projection tomography as a tool for 3D microscopy and gene expression studies","volume":"296","author":"Sharpe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2016.12.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional quality assurance of IMRT prostate plans using gel dosimetry","volume":"34","author":"Silveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.813965","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric verification of complex radiotherapy with a 3D optically based dosimetry system: dose painting and target tracking","volume":"52","author":"Skyt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.122.969","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optical scanner for 3D radiotherapy polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"122","author":"Sobotka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1410124","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Temperature dependence of polymer-gel dosimeter nuclear magnetic resonance response","volume":"28","author":"Spevacek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3112364","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Monte carlo evaluation of the convolution\/superposition algorithm of Hi-Art tomotherapy in heterogeneous phantoms and clinical cases","volume":"36","author":"Sterpin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.11.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An assessment of a 3D EPID-based dosimetry system using conventional two- and three-dimensional detectors for VMAT","volume":"45","author":"Stevens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physica Med."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1078\/0939-3889-00189","type":"journal-article","article-title":"BANG-polymer dosimetry in the proton therapy of eye neoplasms]","volume":"14","author":"Stiefel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.32471\/exp-oncology.2312-8852.vol-41-no-2.13164","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of dosimetric impact of organ motion in static and dynamic conditions for three stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy techniques: 3D conformal radiotherapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, and volumetric modulated arc therapy by using presage 3D dosimeters","volume":"41","author":"Tajaldeen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268925","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geometric distortion assessment in 3T MR images used for treatment planning in cranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Theocharis","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3611042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Commissioning and benchmarking a 3D dosimetry system for clinical use","volume":"38","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fast, large field-of-view, telecentric optical-CT scanning system for 3D radiochromic dosimetry","volume":"250","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7489-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Current scenario of biomedical aspect of metal-based nanoparticles on gel dosimetry","volume":"100","author":"Titus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/11\/312","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An experimental study of the dose response of polymer gel dosimeters imaged with x-ray computed tomography","volume":"46","author":"Trapp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/9\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The use of gel dosimetry for verification of electron and photon treatment plans in carcinoma of the scalp","volume":"49","author":"Trapp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3578601","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accurate calibration of a polymer gel dosimeter with a plastic scintillation detector","volume":"38","author":"Tremblay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/18\/6241","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of radiochromic gel dosimetry and polymer gel dosimetry in a clinical dose verification","volume":"58","author":"Vandecasteele","year":"2013a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2008.07.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A literature review of electronic portal imaging for radiotherapy dosimetry","volume":"88","author":"van Elmpt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/1\/19","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the validity of 3D polymer gel dosimetry: I. reproducibility study","volume":"58","author":"Vandecasteele","year":"2013b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/1\/43","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the validity of 3D polymer gel dosimetry: II. physico-chemical effects","volume":"58","author":"Vandecasteele","year":"2013c","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/1\/63","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the validity of 3D polymer gel dosimetry: III. MRI-related error sources","volume":"58","author":"Vandecasteele","year":"2013d","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/16\/015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of the PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"50","author":"Venning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(02)00376-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Application of monomer\/polymer gel dosimetry to study the effects of tissue inhomogeneities on intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose distributions","volume":"67","author":"Vergote","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/2\/008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Validation and application of polymer gel dosimetry for the dose verification of an intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) treatment","volume":"49","author":"Vergote","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10060685","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A Radio-fluorogenic polymer-gel makes fixed fluorescent images of complex radiation fields","volume":"10","author":"Warman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111729","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fluorotome 1: an apparatus for tomographic imaging of radio-fluorogenic (RFG)","volume":"11","author":"Warman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gels Polymers"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/6\/012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Variable transformation of calibration equations for radiation dosimetry","volume":"50","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v6i3.2110","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of dose delivery accuracy of gamma knife by polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v12i1.3273","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional dosimetry of tomotherapy by MRI-based polymer gel technique","volume":"12","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v13i5.3930","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Errors introduced by dose scaling for relative dosimetry","volume":"13","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3544659","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A variable echo-number method for estimating in MRI-based polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"38","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4813301","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D evaluation of 3DVH program using BANG3 polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"40","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1470204","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Image distortion in MRI-based polymer gel dosimetry of gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery systems","volume":"29","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1063\/1.166208","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantitative optical tomography of chemical waves and their organizing centers","volume":"6","author":"Winfree","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00015-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"X-ray computed tomography","volume":"1","author":"Withers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598772","type":"journal-article","article-title":"CCD imaging for optical tomography of gel radiation dosimeters","volume":"26","author":"Wolodzko","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2188820","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional dose verification for intensity modulated radiation therapy using optical CT based polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"33","author":"Wuu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012044","type":"journal-article","article-title":"How to perform dosimetry with optical-CT","volume":"250","author":"Wuu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1803674","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Performance of a commercial optical CT scanner and polymer gel dosimeters for 3D dose verification","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3694107","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel methodology for 3D deformable dosimetry","volume":"39","author":"Yeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib317","first-page":"130\u2013 8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design and construction of an optical computed tomography scanner for polymer gel dosimetry application","volume":"4","author":"Zakariaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Signals Sens"},{"key":"pmbad278fbib318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3388869","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetric evaluation of a novel polymer gel dosimeter for proton therapy","volume":"37","author":"Zeidan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad278fbib319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3260844","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improved MAGIC gel for higher sensitivity and elemental tissue equivalent 3D dosimetry","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:07:32Z","timestamp":1778778452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":319,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Validation of complex radiotherapy techniques using polymer gel dosimetry","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-02-06","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-02-08","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-03-20","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}