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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. The quality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) <jats:italic>en face<\/jats:italic> images is crucial for clinical visualization of early disease. As a three dimensional and coherent imaging, defocus and speckle noise are inevitable, which seriously affect evaluation of microstructure of bio-samples in OCT images. The deep learning has demonstrated great potential in OCT refocusing and denoising, but it is limited by the difficulty of sufficient paired training data. This work aims to develop an unsupervised method to enhance the quality of OCT <jats:italic>en face<\/jats:italic> images. <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>. We proposed an unsupervised deep learning-based pipeline. The unregistered defocused conventional OCT images and focused speckle-free OCT images were collected by a home-made speckle modulating OCT system to construct the dataset. The image enhancement model was trained with the cycle training strategy. Finally, the speckle noise and defocus were both effectively improved. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. The experimental results on complex bio-samples indicated that the proposed method is effective and generalized in enhancing the quality of OCT <jats:italic>en face<\/jats:italic> images. <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>. The proposed unsupervised deep learning method helps to reduce the complexity of data construction, which is conducive to practical applications in OCT bio-sample imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad4c52","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T18:44:05Z","timestamp":1715798645000},"page":"115042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhancement of OCT <i>en face<\/i> images by unsupervised deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Zhuoqun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingzhu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8846-391X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanmei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbad4c52bib1","first-page":"pp 59","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography (OCT): principle and technical realization","author":"Aumann","year":"2019"},{"key":"pmbad4c52bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2266660","article-title":"Spatial compounding algorithm for speckle reduction of dynamic focus OCT images","volume":"25","author":"Avanaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-12-21","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-05-15","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-05-30","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}