{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:18:11Z","timestamp":1740129491591,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Spot size stability is crucial in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy, and variations in spot size can disrupt dose distributions. Recently, a novel proton beam delivery method known as DynamicARC PBS scanning has been introduced. The current study investigates the dosimetric impact of spot size errors in DynamicARC proton therapy for head and neck (HNC), prostate, and lung cancers. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> Robustly optimized DynamicARC proton therapy plans were created for HNC (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), prostate (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), and lung (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4) cancer patients. Spot size errors of \u00b110%, \u00b115%, and \u00b120% were introduced, and their effects on target coverage (<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>99%<\/jats:sub>), homogeneity index (HI), and organ-at-risk doses were analyzed across different cancer sites. <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic> HNC and lung cancer plans showed greater vulnerability to spot size errors, with reductions in target coverage of up to 4.8% under \u221220% spot size errors. Dose homogeneity was also more affected in these cases, with HI degrading by 0.12 in lung cancer. Prostate cancer demonstrated greater resilience to spot size variations, even under errors of \u00b120%. For spot size errors \u00b110%, the oral cavity, parotid glands, and constrictor muscles experienced <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub> deviations within \u00b11.2%, while deviations were limited to \u00b10.5% for <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub> of the bladder and rectum and \u00b10.3% for <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>20 Gy(RBE)<\/jats:sub> of the lungs. The robustness analysis indicated that lung cancer plans were most susceptible to robustness reductions caused by spot size errors, while HNC plans demonstrated moderate sensitivity. Conversely, prostate cancer plans demonstrated high robustness, experiencing only minimal reductions in target coverage. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> While the \u00b110% spot size tolerance is appropriate in majority of the cases, lung cancer plans may require more stringent criteria. As DynamicARC becomes clinically available, measuring spot size errors in practice will be essential to validate these findings and refine tolerance thresholds for clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T22:55:13Z","timestamp":1731020113000},"page":"235008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of spot size errors in DynamicARC pencil beam scanning proton therapy planning"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2377-8678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suresh","family":"Rana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5116-6308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anatoly B","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbad8febbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e678","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13622","article-title":"AAPM task group 224: comprehensive proton therapy machine quality assurance","volume":"46","author":"Arjomandy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/12\/3979","article-title":"Dosimetric consequences of pencil beam width variations in scanned beam particle therapy","volume":"58","author":"Chanrion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3192","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3192","article-title":"Four-dimensional plan optimization for the treatment of lung tumors using pencil-beam scanning proton radiotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Cummings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pmbad8febbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16098","article-title":"Spot scanning proton arc therapy reduces toxicity in oropharyngeal cancer patients","volume":"50","author":"de Jong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac55a6","article-title":"Fast robust optimization of proton PBS arc therapy plans using early energy layer selection and spot assignment","volume":"67","author":"Engwall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13094","article-title":"4D robust optimization including uncertainties in time structures can reduce the interplay effect in proton pencil beam scanning radiation therapy","volume":"45","author":"Engwall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.12.011","article-title":"Impact of spot size variations on dose in scanned proton beam therapy","volume":"57","author":"Kraan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.04.032","article-title":"The first prototype of spot-scanning proton arc treatment delivery","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa5084","article-title":"Impacts of gantry angle dependent scanning beam properties on proton PBS treatment","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5169","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/17\/018","article-title":"The influence of lateral beam profile modifications in scanned proton and carbon ion therapy: a Monte Carlo study","volume":"55","author":"Parodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-020-00589-w","article-title":"Parametrization of in-air spot size as a function of energy and air gap for the ProteusPLUS pencil beam scanning proton therapy system","volume":"13","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"pmbad8febbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13293","article-title":"Impact of errors in spot size and spot position in robustly optimized pencil beam scanning proton-based stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) lung plans","volume":"22","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T11:21:00Z","timestamp":1732706460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8feb","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-9155"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1361-6560"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Effects of spot size errors in DynamicARC pencil beam scanning proton therapy planning","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-07-13","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-11-07","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-11-27","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}