{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:16:44Z","timestamp":1788538604955,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101068572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101068572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective.<\/jats:italic> Conventionally, if two metabolic processes are of interest for image analysis, two separate, sequential positron emission tomography (PET) scans are performed. However, sequential PET scans cannot simultaneously display the metabolic targets. The concurrent study of two simultaneous PET scans could provide new insights into the causes of diseases. Approach.<\/jats:italic> In this work, we propose a reconstruction algorithm for the simultaneous injection of a \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-emitter emitting only annihilation photons and a \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>-emitter emitting annihilation photons and an additional prompt \u03b3<\/jats:italic>-photon. As in previous works, the \u03b3<\/jats:italic>-photon is used to identify events originating from the \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>-emitter. However, due to e.g. attenuation and down-scatter, the \u03b3<\/jats:italic>-photon is often not detected and not all events can correctly be associated with the \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>-emitter as they are detected as double coincidences. In contrast to previous works, we estimate this number of double coincidences with origin in the \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, emitter including the attenuation of the prompt \u03b3<\/jats:italic>, and incorporate this estimation in the forward-projection of the maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm. For evaluation, we simulate different scenarios with varying objects and attenuation maps. The nuclide 18<\/jats:sup>F serves as \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-emitter, while 44<\/jats:sup>Sc functions as \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-\u03b3<\/jats:italic> emitter. The performance of the algorithm is assessed by calculating the residual error of the \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>-emitter in the reconstructed \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-emitter image. Additionally, the intensity values in the simulated cylinders of the ground truth (GT) and the reconstructed images are compared. Main results.<\/jats:italic> The remaining activity in the \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-emitter image varied from 0.4% to 3.7%. The absolute percentage difference between GT and reconstructed intensity for the pure \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula> emitter images was found to be between 3.0% and 7.4% for all cases. The absolute percentage difference between the GT and the reconstructed intensity for the \n \n \n \n \n \u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n \n +<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>-\u03b3<\/jats:italic> emitter images ranged from 8.7% to 10.4% for all simulated cases. Significance.<\/jats:italic> These results demonstrate that our approach can reconstruct two separate images with a good quantitation accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad9660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T22:59:42Z","timestamp":1732316382000},"page":"015009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["ML-EM based dual tracer PET image reconstruction with inclusion of prompt gamma attenuation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6160-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Pfaehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Niek\u00e4mper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3474-430X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Scheins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-6169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"N Jon","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2749-2108","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoph W","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbad9660bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/14\/020","article-title":"Dual-isotope PET using positron-gamma emitters","volume":"56","author":"Andreyev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-08-22","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-11-22","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-12-24","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}