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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Positron emission tomography (PET) has become an important clinical modality, but it is limited to imaging the annihilation radiation from positron\u2013electron collisions. Recently, PET imaging with <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>Zr, which has a half-life of 3 d, has attracted much attention in immuno-PET to visualize immune cells and cancer cells by targeting specific antibodies on the cell surface. However, <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>Zr emits a single gamma ray at 909 keV four times more frequently than positrons, causing image quality (IQ) degradation in conventional PET. To overcome this drawback, use of such single gamma rays for imaging was previously proposed as whole gamma imaging (WGI). In WGI, a single gamma ray is detected by Compton imaging; by inserting a scatter detector ring inside the PET ring, WGI can realize both PET imaging and Compton imaging in one modality. A prototype for WGI was developed and Compton imaging of a mouse after intravenous administration of <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>Zr oxalate was demonstrated. However, the Compton imaging of the single gamma ray still presented a challenge due to its low IQ compared to PET. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> In this study, the scatter detector insert of the earlier WGI prototype was redesigned with the aim of improving Compton imaging performance. The new prototype produced WGI images by additive averaging of PET and Compton images after optimizing the ratio of each iteration in the image reconstruction. WGI IQ was then evaluated using the NEMA NU4 IQ phantom, and a tumor-burdened mouse was imaged with WGI up to 12 d after <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>Zr labeled antibody injection. <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> Consequently, the Compton imaging performance was improved by lowering the angular resolution measure from 6.7 degrees to 6.4 degrees and the sensitivity from 0.11% to 0.18% compared to the previous prototype WGI. The phantom images with WGI showed a 15% reduction in noise and a 3% increase in contrast recovery under low-statistical conditions compared to images reconstructed by PET data alone. <jats:italic>Significance. In-vivo<\/jats:italic> mouse imaging with the new prototype WGI was successfully performed. This successful imaging leads to the expectation that future whole-body WGI imaging will enable more sensitive and better quantitative <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>Zr antigen-antibody reaction imaging to be obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ada5a7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T22:55:45Z","timestamp":1735944945000},"page":"025012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A whole gamma imaging prototype for higher quantitative imaging of <sup>89<\/sup>Zr-labeled antibodies in a tumor mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-657X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sodai","family":"Takyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-0083","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Tashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miwako","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-2618","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eiji","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidekatsu","family":"Wakizaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fujino","family":"Obata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Go","family":"Akamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Nagatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Sugyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2726-288X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Atsushi B","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8292-9283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariko","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7779-6690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katia","family":"Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Yamaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbada5a7bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab18b2","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a whole-body prototype PET scanner with four-layer DOI detectors","volume":"64","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. 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