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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) technological advances for linear accelerators (Linacs) have led to CBCT imaging in &lt;20 s, which can reduce radiation therapy treatment times. However, these rapid CBCT scans only allow for 3DCBCT images. In this paper we evaluate 4DCBCT reconstruction methods for rapid acquisition 3DCBCT protocol scans using an anthropomorphic breathing phantom. <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>. We evaluate two previously developed motion-compensated Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (MCFDK) methods, using a prior-motion model (MCFDK-Prior) and a data-driven MCFDK method (MCFDK-DD), on CBCT images of the phantom using an Ethos linac. The deformable phantom lungs contained three synthetic tumours and a commercial phantom motion platform with a sinusoidal breathing pattern. The phantom was imaged in free-breathing with rapid (16.6 s) and standard (30.8 s) thorax 3DCBCT acquisition protocols, then reimaged while stationary at inhale and exhale, which were the ground truth reconstructions. MCFDK reconstructions were compared with conventional 3D-FDK and 4D-FDK reconstructions. Image quality was compared between all reconstructions using mean square error (MSE), structural similarity index measurement (SSIM), peak signal-to-noise (PSNR), edge response width (ERW) for the diaphragm-lung border for the right lung, tumour centroid accuracy, tumour dice similarity coefficient and sphericity. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. For all metrics the MCFDK-Prior reconstructions performed better than the 3D-FDK reconstructions. Similarly for all tumour-related metrics as well as ERW the MCFDK-DD reconstructions performed better than then 3D-FDK reconstructions, but the overall MSE, SSIM and PSNR were similar for the MCFDK-DD and 3D-FDK reconstructions. For all metrics except for tumour centroid error the MCFDK-Prior method produced better quality reconstructions than the MCFDK-DD method. 4D-FDK reconstructions produced poor quality volumes. <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>. We demonstrated that 4DCBCT reconstruction for rapid CBCT acquisition protocols is possible and leads to reduced motion artefacts and more accurate reconstructions when compared to 3DCBCT reconstructions. The 4DCBCT methods demonstrated in this paper will allow for fast, accurate 4DCBCT acquisition for new linacs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ade6bd","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T22:52:14Z","timestamp":1750459934000},"page":"135004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of 4D cone-beam CT reconstruction methods for lung images acquired using rapid cone-beam CT acquisition: a phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-2547","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3002-384X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Owen","family":"Dillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0543-9170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tess","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8508-9379","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Kipritidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9365-2889","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bazalova-Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7023-7976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hilary","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maegan","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J","family":"Keall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbade6bdbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RADONC.2019.02.004","article-title":"Ultrafast single breath-hold cone-beam CT lung cancer imaging with faster linac gantry rotation","volume":"135","author":"Arns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiother. 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