{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:03:42Z","timestamp":1788314622041,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Background.<\/jats:italic> Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) enables visualization of peripheral nerves using T2-weighted, fat-suppressed sequences. However, vascular signal contamination in the brachial plexus remains a challenge. Ferumoxytol, an ultra-small paramagnetic iron oxide agent, can suppress vascular signal in MRN due to its high T2 relaxivity and longer half-life, but the optimal dose is unknown. <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> To evaluate whether a subject-specific dose of Ferumoxytol, based on weight and estimated blood volume, improves vascular suppression in brachial plexus MRN, as compared to using a fixed-dose. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> Thirty-four healthy adult subjects (16 female, age = 25.0 \u00b1 2.2 years, mean [range] weight = 66.90 [44.00, 97.52] kg) underwent slow Ferumoxytol infusion (&lt;36 mg Fe min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) followed by unilateral brachial plexus MRN at 3.0T. Subjects were divided into three cohorts: variable dose (6%\u201326% of full 510 mg dose), fixed 25% dose (Cohort 2), and fixed 50% dose (Cohort 3). Signal intensities of nerve, artery, vein, and muscle were obtained via manual segmentation. Contrast ratios (CR) between vessel-muscle and nerve\u2013muscle were compared between cohorts using two-sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests. Regression analysis was performed between vessel-muscle CR and the Ferumoxytol dose calculated by mg, mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and mg l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The doses required to achieve a target vessel-muscle CR of 0.2 were calculated. <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> Cohort 3 had superior vascular suppression compared to Cohort 1 (i.e. lower vessel-muscle CR, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Higher correlations of vein\u2013muscle CR with subject-specific dosing (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.396\u20130.409) were obtained than with absolute dose (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.341). Doses of 101.49 mg (17.81 mg\u2013581.80 mg), 1.57 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (0.42 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u20135.82 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and 23.8 mg l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (5.88 mg l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u201396.17 mg l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were estimated to achieve the required diagnostic CRs of 0.2. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> Subject-specific Ferumoxytol dosing based on weight and estimated blood volume provided improved modeling and prediction of vascular suppression in brachial plexus MRN. This helps to optimize dose requirements, improve safety, while providing optimal vascular suppression needed for nerve visualization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T22:57:37Z","timestamp":1758149857000},"page":"195017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing the ferumoxytol dose for vascular suppression in brachial plexus magnetic resonance neurography"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3107-5298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison S","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darryl B","family":"Sneag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9779-3348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shayna E","family":"Turbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0601-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mylinh","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1897-4233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shu-Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel M","family":"Alschuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2847-9378","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ek T","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae0864bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-0712(03)00078-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome: anatomy","volume":"20","author":"Atasoy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24691","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Emerging applications for ferumoxytol as a contrast agent in MRI","volume":"41","author":"Bashir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910100305","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of intravoxel incoherent motions (IVIM) in steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging: application to molecular diffusion imaging","volume":"10","author":"Bihan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720x14566617","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diagnosis and therapeutic options for peripheral vasculitic neuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Blaes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017162759","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ten things you might not know about iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"284","author":"Daldrup-Link","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/rli.0000000000000906","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Brachial plexus magnetic resonance neurography","volume":"58","author":"Davidson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010058","type":"journal-article","article-title":"How the chemical properties of GBCAs influence their safety profiles in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A29","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000351279.78110.00","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MR neurography and diffusion tensor imaging: origins, history & clinical impact of the first 50,000 cases with an assessment of efficacy and utility in a prospective 5,000 patient study group","volume":"65","author":"Filler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020200012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Anatomy, imaging, and pathologic conditions of the brachial plexus","volume":"40","author":"Gilcrease-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.32614\/rj-2014-009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"investr: an R package for inverse estimation","volume":"6","author":"Greenwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfk062","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gadolinium\u2014a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?","volume":"21","author":"Grobner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.1565","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of r1 and r2 relaxivity of gadolinium\u2010based contrast agents on the T1\u2010weighted MR signal at increasing magnetic field strengths","volume":"8","author":"Hagberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. I"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23725","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MRI contrast agents: basic chemistry and safety","volume":"36","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/rli.0000000000000434","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relaxivity of ferumoxytol at 1.5 T and 3.0 T","volume":"53","author":"Knobloch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23879","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ferumoxytol in clinical practice: implications for MRI","volume":"37","author":"McCullough","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.15150025","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intracranial gadolinium deposition after contrast-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"275","author":"McDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib17","first-page":"224","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prediction of blood volume in normal human adults","volume":"51","author":"Nadler","year":"1962","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221087","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional MR neurography of the brachial plexus: vascular suppression with low-dose ferumoxytol","volume":"307","author":"Pedrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-021-03804-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ferumoxytol-enhanced vascular suppression in magnetic resonance neurography","volume":"50","author":"Queler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09224-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MRI detects peripheral nerve and adjacent muscle pathology in non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy (NSVN)","volume":"266","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109304","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Post-contrast 3D inversion recovery magnetic resonance neurography for evaluation of branch nerves of the brachial plexus","volume":"132","author":"Sneag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27647","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Feasibility of simultaneous high\u2010resolution anatomical and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of sciatic nerves in patients with Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) at 7T","volume":"66","author":"Sveinsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.12.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The application of paramagnetic contrast-based T2 effect to 3D heavily T2W high-resolution MR imaging of the brachial plexus and its branches","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190039","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phase-contrast MRI: physics, techniques, and clinical applications","volume":"40","author":"Wymer","year":"2020","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"pmbae0864bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.2012-0063","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rapid high resolution MR neurography with a diffusion-weighted pre-pulse","volume":"12","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04021-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A robust 3D fast spin-echo technique for fast examination of the brachial plexus","volume":"51","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae0864bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T09:07:53Z","timestamp":1759223273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae0864","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optimizing the ferumoxytol dose for vascular suppression in brachial plexus magnetic resonance neurography","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-06-23","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-09-17","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-09-30","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}