{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T20:22:16Z","timestamp":1769631736676,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["CA294904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA294904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Barium and iodinated contrast media are ubiquitous with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series examinations performed on paediatric patients. The present study quantifies the impact of contrast media on organ absorbed and detriment-weighted doses for UGI examinations.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A paediatric radiologist and a medical physicist created reference imaging fields for four complete UGI series examinations encompassing the newborn and 1-year-old female for both normal and abnormal disease states. Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations were performed for these four cases, with and without contrast media, using the international commission on radiological protection\u2019s voxel-based reference computational phantoms.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Estimates of detriment-weighted dose and absorbed doses to the colon, heart wall, kidneys, lungs, small intestine wall, spleen, stomach wall, thymus, thyroid, and remainder tissues are reported. For fields with contrast media the organ absorbed doses and detriment-weighted dose decreased by up to 50% and 26%, respectively, with the dose for the complete examination, i.e. not per field, decreasing by up to 26% for organs impacted by the presence of contrast media.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Overall, relative doses were shown to decrease for simulations that included contrast media due to selective absorption of the x-ray beam by the contrast media. This study, however, did not investigate the effects of the automatic brightness control which could result in organ absorbed doses increasing due to compensation by the fluoroscopy machine when contrast media is present in the field.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:51:49Z","timestamp":1768258309000},"page":"025014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of contrast agents on organ dosimetry in paediatric diagnostic fluoroscopy: the upper gastrointestinal series"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0508-2058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wyatt W","family":"Smither","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9868-5113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-9968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wesley E","family":"Bolch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7995-0671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily L","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae36e3bib1","article-title":"N. Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 10, \u00a7 16.58: fluoroscopic installations excluding veterinary installations","author":"10 NYCRR \u00a7 16.58","year":"2004","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib2","article-title":"ACR\u2013SPR practice parameter for the performance of contrast esophagrams and upper gastrointestinal examinations in infants and children","author":"American College of Radiology; Society for Pediatric Radiology","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2181297","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Normalized dose data for upper gastrointestinal tract contrast studies performed to infants","volume":"33","author":"Damilakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.270","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Use of medical imaging procedures with ionizing radiation in children: a population-based study","volume":"165","author":"Dorfman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4866216","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tungsten anode spectral model using interpolating cubic splines: unfiltered x-ray spectra from 20 kV to 640 kV","volume":"41","author":"Hernandez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib6","author":"Hirayama","year":"2005","type":"report"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib7","first-page":"2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ICRP publication 103: the 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection","volume":"37","author":"ICRP","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645320915031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ICRP publication 143: paediatric reference computational phantoms","volume":"49","author":"ICRP","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib9","author":"ICRP","year":"n.d.","type":"report"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2021.1993372","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Benchmark study of particle and heavy-ion transport code system using shielding integral benchmark archive and database for accelerator-shielding experiments","volume":"59","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232128","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Age-specific dose catalog for diagnostic fluoroscopy and fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures from a pediatric hospital","volume":"310","author":"LaBella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tqaf030","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigating the effect on backscatter factor when measuring entrance surface dose using the raysafe X2 solid state radiography and fluoroscopy detector","volume":"98","author":"Lordinot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab1bad","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A scalable database of organ doses for common diagnostic fluoroscopy examinations of children: procedures of current practice at the University of Florida","volume":"64","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib14","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements","year":"2019","type":"report"},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4955438","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Technical note: spektr 3.0\u2014a computational tool for x-ray spectrum modeling and analysis","volume":"43","author":"Punnoose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2023.2275736","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent improvements of the particle and heavy ion transport code system\u2014PHITS version 3.33","volume":"61","author":"Sato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad6ed9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact of contrast agents on organ dosimetry in pediatric diagnostic fluoroscopy: the voiding cystourethrogram","volume":"69","author":"Smither","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae36e3bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2426405","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Organ and effective doses in infants undergoing upper gastrointestinal (UGI) fluoroscopic examination","volume":"34","author":"Staton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:47:44Z","timestamp":1769590064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae36e3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Impact of contrast agents on organ dosimetry in paediatric diagnostic fluoroscopy: the upper gastrointestinal series","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-10-28","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-01-12","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-01-28","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}