{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:18:53Z","timestamp":1792088333219,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3M220528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3M220528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n Scattered coincidences are a major source of quantitative bias in positron emission tomography (PET) and must be compensated during reconstruction using an estimate of scattered coincidences per line-of-response and time-of-flight bin. Such estimates are typically obtained from simulators with simple cylindrical scanner models that omit detector physics. Incorporating detector sensitivities for scatter is challenging, as scattered coincidences have less constrained properties (e.g. incidence angles) than true coincidences.\n Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n We integrated a 5D single-photon detection probability lookup table (photon energy, incidence angle, detector location) into the simulator logic. The resulting scatter sinogram is multiplied by a precomputed, lookup table-specific scatter sensitivity sinogram to yield the scatter estimate. Scatter was simulated with MCGPU-PET, a fast Monte Carlo (MC) simulator with a simplified scanner model, and applied to phantom data from a simulated GE Signa PET\/MR in GATE. We evaluated three scenarios:\n \n \n Long, high-count MCGPU-PET simulations from a known activity distribution (reference).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Same distribution with limited simulation time and counts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Same low-count data with joint estimation of activity and scatter during reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n \n We also adapted the approach to test it on two acquisitions from a real Signa PET\/MR.\n Main result.<\/jats:italic>\n In scenario 1, scatter-compensated reconstructions achieved\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n <<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n global bias in all active regions relative to true-only reconstructions. In scenario 2, noisy scatter estimates caused strong positive bias, but Gaussian smoothing restored accuracy to scenario 1 levels. In scenario 3, joint estimation under low-count conditions maintained\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n <<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n global bias in nearly all regions. For real scans, the Monte Carlo-based scatter estimate was very similar to the vendor scatter estimate.\n Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n Although demonstrated with a fast MC simulator, the proposed scatter sensitivity modeling could enhance existing single scatter simulators used clinically, which typically neglect detector physics. This proof-of-concept also supports the feasibility of scatter estimation for real scans using fast MC simulation, offering potentially greater accuracy and robustness to acquisition noise.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T22:54:43Z","timestamp":1768863283000},"page":"025020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Object independent scatter sensitivities for PET, applied to scatter estimation through fast Monte Carlo simulation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0628-0130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"No\u00eb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8816-9358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyed","family":"Amir Zaman Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9843-8080","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmadreza","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-6663","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles","family":"Stearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1923-6198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johan","family":"Nuyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-3195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georg","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae3a31bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/1\/012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Algorithms for calculating detector efficiency normalization coefficients for true coincidences in 3D PET","volume":"43","author":"Badawi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/2\/020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Developments in component-based normalization for 3D PET","volume":"44","author":"Badawi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad2230","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of a Monte Carlo-based scatter correction method for total-body PET using the uEXPLORER PET\/CT scanner","volume":"69","author":"Bayerlein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/42\/8\/011","type":"other","article-title":"Scatter compensation methods in 3D iterative spect reconstruction: a simulation study","author":"Beekman","year":"1997"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2025.3553436","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of 3D scatter correction methods for a long axial field of view pet scanner","volume":"9","author":"Cabello","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac62fc","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Data-driven, energy-based method for estimation of scattered events in positron emission tomography","volume":"67","author":"Efthimiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad1cf9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Umc-pet: a fast and flexible Monte Carlo PET simulator","volume":"69","author":"Galve","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16826","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Energy-based scatter estimation in clinical PET","volume":"51","author":"Hamill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib9","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","edition":"2nd edn","type":"book"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2023.109008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Computer programs in physics MCGPU-PET: An open-source real-time Monte Carlo PET simulator","volume":"296","author":"Herraiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib11","first-page":"pp 1519","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"A study of bias for various iterative reconstruction methods in PET","volume":"vol 3","author":"Hogg","year":"2003"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab115b","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intercrystal scatter studies for a 1 mm3 resolution clinical PET system prototype","volume":"64","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/42.363108","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data","volume":"13","author":"Hudson","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/19\/007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT","volume":"49","author":"Jan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1109\/23.596978","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An investigation of the filtering of TEW scatter estimates used to compensate for scatter with ordered subset reconstructions","volume":"44","author":"King","year":"1997"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab5610","type":"journal-article","article-title":"gPET: a GPU-based, accurate and efficient Monte Carlo simulation tool for PET","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2537811","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design features and mutual compatibility studies of the time-of-flight PET capable GE SIGNA PET\/MR system","volume":"35","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2921872","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Scatter correction based on GPU-accelerated full Monte Carlo simulation for brain PET\/MRI","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib19","first-page":"pp 1","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Scatter compensation for dynamic brain PET using very fast Monte Carlo simulation","author":"No\u00eb","year":"2024"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48804\/SD3XC4","type":"dataset","article-title":"Replication Data for: object independent scatter sensitivities for PET, applied to scatter estimation through fast Monte Carlo simulation","author":"No\u00eb","year":"2026","unstructured":"No\u00eb S Zaman Pour S A Rezaei A Stearns C Nuyts J Schramm G 2026 Replication Data for: object independent scatter sensitivities for PET, applied to scatter estimation through fast Monte Carlo simulation KU Leuven RdR 10.48804\/SD3XC4"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/1\/012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Model-based scatter correction for fully 3D PET","volume":"41","author":"Ollinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib22","first-page":"pp 1","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Deep learning models for PET scatter estimations","author":"Qian","year":"2017"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-025-00730-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"openSSS: an open-source implementation of scatter estimation for 3D TOF-PET","volume":"12","author":"Santo","year":"2025","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac1ca0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-throughput, accurate Monte Carlo simulation on CPU hardware for PET applications","volume":"66","author":"Scheins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2347810","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bias reduction for low-statistics PET: maximum likelihood reconstruction with a modified Poisson distribution","volume":"34","author":"Slambrouck","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib26","first-page":"pp 3178","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Sensitivity improvement of time-of-flight (ToF) PET detector through recovery of compton scattered annihilation photons","author":"Wagadarikar","year":"2012"},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2007.901227","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Extension of single scatter simulation to scatter correction of time-of-flight PET","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"pmbae3a31bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2020.2990335","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Double scatter simulation for more accurate image reconstruction in positron emission tomography","volume":"4","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine & Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T16:22:25Z","timestamp":1769790145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3a31","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Object independent scatter sensitivities for PET, applied to scatter estimation through fast Monte Carlo simulation","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-09-05","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-01-19","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-01-30","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}