{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:18:26Z","timestamp":1793222306021,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004721","name":"University of Tokyo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UTokyo Global Activity Support Program for Young R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UTokyo Global Activity Support Program for Young R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20KK0174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20KK0174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fukushima Institute for Research, Education and Innovation","award":["JPFR24040203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPFR24040203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:italic>\n . Free\u2009\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac can result in off-target radiation exposure if present as a result of incomplete chelation or radiolytic degradation of\u2009\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac radiopharmaceuticals. This study assessed absorbed doses of\u2009\n 229<\/jats:sup>\n Th-derived free\u2009\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac to major normal tissues and organs in mouse and human models.\n Approach<\/jats:italic>\n . Biodistribution data were obtained\n ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n from SK-MEL-2 xenograft mice administered with [\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac]AcCl\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n derived from a\n 229<\/jats:sup>\n Th\/\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac generator. Uptake fractions of\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac in selected tissues and organs were measured at 0.5, 2, 6, and 24 h postinjection (p.i.) via its gamma-emitting daughter,\n 221<\/jats:sup>\n Fr, with a sample size of\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094\u20135 per p.i. time point. Time-integrated activity coefficients (TIACs) were calculated by fitting the mouse uptake profiles and extrapolated to human models using relative mass scaling. Absorbed dose coefficients (ADCs) were then calculated according to the Medical Internal Radiation Dose formalism using S values of a mouse whole-body (MOBY) phantom and anthropomorphic adult male and female phantoms implemented in the OLINDA dosimetry software. Redistribution of\n 221<\/jats:sup>\n Fr and\n 213<\/jats:sup>\n Bi from the liver to kidneys was simulated by adjusting progeny-specific TIAC ratios in the mouse model.\n Main results<\/jats:italic>\n . The liver received the highest absorbed dose, with ADCs of 2860 mGy kBq\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n in the MOBY phantom and 886\u20131080 mGy MBq\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n in the anthropomorphic phantoms. The skeletal and splenic ADCs were 84.3 and 20.3 mGy kBq\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , respectively, in the MOBY phantom. ADCs in the other tissues and organs were low to moderate, with the brain receiving the least. Under simulated redistribution scenarios,\n 221<\/jats:sup>\n Fr showed larger changes in mouse ADCs than\n 213<\/jats:sup>\n Bi, increasing the renal ADCs by 7.5\u201330.5% and decreasing the hepatic ADCs by 8\u201331.8% for scale factors of 0.1\u20130.4.\n Significance<\/jats:italic>\n . The liver, bone, and spleen were suggested as the primary dosimetric targets of\n 229<\/jats:sup>\n Th-derived free\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac. The ADCs of free\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac calculated in this work may serve as a preliminary reference for quality control of\n 225<\/jats:sup>\n Ac radiopharmaceuticals.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae3b04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T22:56:09Z","timestamp":1768949769000},"page":"055005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimation of absorbed doses in computational mouse and human phantoms receiving\n 229<\/sup>\n Th-derived free\n 225<\/sup>\n Ac"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8466-0502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaewoong","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7977-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko Nakanishi","family":"Ozeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Imura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5098-6475","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shogo","family":"Higaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1434-3858","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyoshi","family":"Akimitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Kumakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youichiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae3b04bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2010.12.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo biodistribution and accumulation of 89Zr in mice","volume":"38","author":"Abou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucl. 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