{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:19:53Z","timestamp":1780694393526,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RR200042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR200042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30 CA142543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA142543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    While FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) is recognized for normal tissue sparing, its effect in mitigating the toxicity of late-responding organs remains uncertain, limiting clinical adoption. With its clinical importance and steep dose-response, spinal cord is an ideal model for evaluating the FLASH effect on late toxicity. This work introduces a robust image-guided research platform for high-precision irradiation at both conventional (CONV) and ultra-high dose rates (UHDR) to enable FLASH late toxicity studies using a rat spinal cord model.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A modified LINAC was employed to irradiate the C1\u2013T2 rat spinal cord with 18 MeV UHDR and CONV beams. A custom rat immobilization device, a portable x-ray imaging system, and an ion-chamber-based UHDR output monitoring system were integrated to ensure accurate C1\u2013T2 localization and precise dose delivery. A Monte Carlo (MC) dose engine was developed to provide accurate dosimetry and support the interpretation of\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    results. Scintillator measurements at UHDR were performed within the spinal cord to verify MC results and the precision of our platform.\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We observed submillimeter deviation in C1\u2013T2 localization between 2D x-ray and 3D cone beam computed tomography imaging, as well as between pre- and post-irradiation 2D x-ray assessments. Ion chamber readings showed linear correlation with UHDR output (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 1). MC calculations indicated uniform irradiation (&lt;5% non-uniformity) along the central \u223c13 mm cord, avoiding dose-volume effects. Our CONV beam exhibited dose distribution close to that of the UHDR beam, with differences &lt; 3%, isolating dose rate as the only variable. Scintillator-measured dose agreed with MC within 4%, with a 100% gamma passing rate (2%\/2 mm), confirming both MC accuracy and the platform\u2019s high-precision delivery.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We developed the first comprehensive, image-guided preclinical platform for accurate UHDR and CONV irradiation to investigate FLASH-mitigated spinal cord toxicity in rats. This work thus establishes a robust foundation for systematic evaluation of the FLASH effect in late-responding organs and for assessing relevant clinical applicability of FLASH-RT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae56cb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T22:56:21Z","timestamp":1774392981000},"page":"075021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A high-precision image-guided platform for studying spinal cord toxicity under ultra-high dose rate electron irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Banghao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-8334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lixiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5895-751X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albert","family":"van der Kogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulian","family":"Iordachita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2636-6777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-7287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weiguo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Medin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8561-2898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ken Kang-Hsin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae56cbbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(84)80007-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The kinetics of repair of sublethal damage in the rat cervical spinal cord during fractionated irradiations","volume":"1","author":"Ang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiother. 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-11-22","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-03-24","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-04-08","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}