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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) suffers from low soft-tissue contrast and metal artifacts, yielding noisy and incomplete soft-tissue surface observations that limit craniofacial modeling for surgical planning. This study aims to reconstruct identity-preserving facial soft-tissue surfaces from CBCT-derived sparse surface evidence for clinical decision support.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We propose a prior-guided reconstruction framework that introduces identity quantization as an\n                    <jats:italic>anatomical<\/jats:italic>\n                    shape prior to regularize an inherently underdetermined inference problem. By embedding residual vector quantization within a hierarchical encoder, we learn a discrete identity codebook that improves robustness to acquisition-induced outliers and missing regions while preserving patient-specific anatomical structure. A continuous style branch captures fine-scale details, and the two representations are fused to generate detailed meshes.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Evaluation on 490 subjects, including 50 test cases, shows that our method achieves a 34-point landmark distance of 1.53\u2009mm. Geometric accuracy (GA) is confirmed with an L1 Chamfer distance of 1.13\u2009mm and normal consistency of 0.98. A prospective expert study reveals high clinical acceptance, with GA rated 4.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53 (out of 5).\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    By incorporating an explicit anatomical prior to regularize reconstruction under acquisition uncertainty, our method improves the clinical usability of CBCT-based soft-tissue surface modeling for orthognathic surgery planning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae5ebc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:52:51Z","timestamp":1776120771000},"page":"095003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prior-guided craniofacial soft-tissue reconstruction from CBCT under acquisition uncertainty via identity-quantized shape priors"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6561-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-1318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiasong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7291-7989","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingmo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lotfi","family":"Senhadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3833-7915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huazhong","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae5ebcbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105253","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review on multimodal medical image fusion: methods, clinical applications and challenges","volume":"144","author":"Azam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. 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