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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    To introduce FLIP-HEDOS, a blood dose modeling framework that combines patient-specific and generic circulatory data to enable individualized blood dose estimation during radiotherapy (RT) treatments and to overcome limitations of non-personalized approaches.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Patient-specific images of vasculature were obtained from patients with thorax-abdomen or head-neck tumors treated with proton or photon RT. Large vessels from the tumor location were segmented, and their blood flow velocities were extracted from phase-contrast MRI. Movement of blood particles (BPs) was simulated using a Lagrangian approach along patient-specific flowlines in these vessels, forming the FLIP method. This circulation was incorporated into a standardized model (HEDOS) to form a closed-loop whole-body model that computes the spatiotemporal BP distribution and associated blood dose accumulation, accounting for dose delivery dynamics, dose rate and beam-on\/beam-off times. Cardiac output (CO) was individualized to match each patient blood flow characteristics. FLIP-HEDOS retains the modular HEDOS architecture, extending its large vessel compartments with the FLIP approach patient-specific vessels represented as new compartments. Remaining compartments were adapted to preserve the standardized connectivity of the circulatory network.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The study quantified mean blood dose values and tracked the number of times BPs entered patient-specific compartments during dose delivery. Simulations were performed across a range of inter-beam intervals, and the three models FLIP (patient-specific vessels), HEDOS (generic whole-body), and FLIP-HEDOS (integrated model) were compared with respect to their resulting blood dose values. The comparison shows that when patient-specific information is incorporated in blood dose assessment, BPs experience higher radiation doses.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    FLIP-HEDOS proves that standardized vascular data can be effectively combined with patient-specific parameters to achieve physiologically realistic modeling of circulating blood. By enabling individualized CO and blood flow dynamics, the framework adapts to the anatomical and hemodynamic characteristics of each patient.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae6015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:05:32Z","timestamp":1776330332000},"page":"095005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FLIP-HEDOS: a patient-specific blood dose quantification model during radiotherapy treatments"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-8314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cardosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-5473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris","family":"Beekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-2187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier","family":"Burguete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-2413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harald","family":"Paganetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae6015bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/S12551-025-01302-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of ionizing radiations of different qualities and delivery types on blood cells","volume":"17","author":"Alet","year":"2025a","journal-title":"Biophys. 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