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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n To develop and experimentally characterize a 1\u20132 MeV electron linac platform with magnetic focusing and steering for superficial FLASH-compatible irradiation and electronically tunable spatial dose modulation.\n Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n A preclinical 1\u20132 MeV electron linac was equipped with a solenoid for magnetic focusing and nested saddle-type scanning magnets for two-dimensional beam steering. Three-dimensional magnetic-field maps were computed in Opera and imported into a TOPAS Monte Carlo (MC) model incorporating the accelerator geometry, titanium exit foil, air gap, and water phantom for dose scoring. Dose distributions were measured using Gafchromic EBT-XD film. Film measurements of spot size, lateral dose profiles, and percentage depth-dose curves were compared with MC simulations. Multi-spot dose patterns were generated by varying scanning-magnet field strength, and peak spacing, peak-to-valley dose ratio, and dose rate as a function of repetition frequency were quantified.\n Main Results.<\/jats:italic>\n In the solenoid-focused configuration, the beam size at the 80% isodose diameter was reduced from approximately 6 cm without solenoid focusing to 2 cm, and the measured dose rate reached 125 Gy\u2009s\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n at 50 Hz. The measured full-width-at-half-maximum of the focused beam was 1.26 cm in the\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n X<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n direction and 1.39 cm in the\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n Y<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n direction, and the TOPAS model agreed with EBT-XD film measurements to within about 4% in the high-dose region. Magnetic steering generated tunable three-spot shallow dose distributions with peak-to-peak spacing up to approximately 2.9 cm and a maximum peak-to-valley dose ratio of 28.0. By superposition of adjacent scanned beam positions, the system also produced a broadened shallow field with a 95%\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n D<\/mml:mi>\n \n \n max<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n flat-top width of 2.46 cm.\n Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n The results demonstrate that a compact low-energy electron linac can provide a useful platform for studying FLASH-compatible superficial irradiation and electronically controlled spatial dose modulation in a regime where shallow dose confinement is advantageous.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae7cd3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T22:55:05Z","timestamp":1781304905000},"page":"135001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and characterization of a 1\u20132 MeV electron beam platform with magnetic focusing and steering for shallow high-dose-rate irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6721-7197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jialin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9778-8951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanchun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1128-3387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tengda","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-689X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhitao","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5188-6719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University"},{"name":"Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Particle Detection Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8592-5971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Prevention of Shenzhen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-0530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Guangdong Laser Plasma Accelerator Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8202-1466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanjie","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Particle Detection Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae7cd3bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geant4\u2014a simulation toolkit","volume":"506","author":"Agostinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-03-23","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-06-12","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}