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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The main goal of this research is to verify the spatial fidelity of radiacoustic imaging (RAI) as a quantitative dosimetric monitoring tool for FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT)\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . FLASH-RT delivers therapeutic radiation at ultra-high instantaneous dose rates (&gt;10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    Gy s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), offering substantial reductions in normal tissue toxicity while maintaining tumor control. However, clinical translation remains limited by the absence of real-time,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    dosimetry systems capable of resolving dose delivery at microsecond timescales.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Here, we present an RAI platform that enables volumetric, single-pulse mapping of radiation dose deposition during FLASH-RT\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The system utilizes a 16 \u00d7 16 ultrasound transducer matrix array with a model-based reconstruction algorithm to generate quantitative, three-dimensional dose maps with single pulse-level temporal resolution.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In both water phantoms and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    murine models, RAI demonstrates high concordance with film dosimetry and TOPAS Monte Carlo simulations (3%\/3 mm gamma index pass rates greater than 90% for small fields).\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This work establishes RAI as a viable technology for real-time, quantitative electron FLASH dosimetry\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    for the first time, with the potential to support adaptive delivery, improve treatment safety, and facilitate the clinical translation of FLASH-RT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae7e38","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:53:33Z","timestamp":1781650413000},"page":"135020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Volumetric FLASH dosimetry\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    using real-time radiacoustic imaging"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-9124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristina","family":"Bjegovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7079-7073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucy","family":"Whitmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-2580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prabodh Kumar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leshan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"},{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgardo A","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett D","family":"Velasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Sch\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"},{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-0510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shawn Liangzhong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae7e38bib1","article-title":"Structural similarity (SSIM) index for measuring image quality\u2014MATLAB ssim","author":"Anon","year":"n.d.","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmbae7e38bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43349-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High spatial resolution scintillator dosimetry of synchrotron microbeams","volume":"9","author":"Archer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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