{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1784178296951,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025019","name":"Support for Pioneering Research Initiated by the Next Generation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JPMJSP2109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n The forceps-type positron emission counter (PEC) was developed for intraoperative quantification of\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \n 18<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in individual lymph nodes. It employs coincidence detection between two opposing\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n bismuth germanate crystal arrays, yielding only 16 lines of response (LOR). This study investigates the feasibility of image reconstruction from these 16 LORs to enable repositioning guidance and sensitivity-corrected quantification.\n Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n Seven reconstruction algorithms\u2014spanning different data-fidelity models (least-squares (LS) and Poisson likelihood), regularization priors (none,\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n L<\/mml:mi>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Tikhonov, and total variation), and optimization frameworks\u2014were compared using Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations. Phantom experiments assessed reconstruction quality and count-rate dependence, localization accuracy across the field of view, hot-background robustness, and dual-source separation.\n Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n Among the tested design axes, regularization has the largest impact on reconstruction quality, and the optimal algorithm depends on the task: MAP-EM-TV (Poisson-likelihood with TV regularization) achieves the highest structural similarity while PLS-TV (LS with TV) achieves the best quantitative accuracy (FoV-sum CV reduced by 21.5 percentage points) and a mean localization error of 1.27 mm. Near-optimal image quality is reached at\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u223c<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 3000 counts, with spatial information retained down to\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u223c<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 100 counts; image quality degrades substantially below source-to-background ratio 12:1.\n Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n The results demonstrate that the 16-LOR PEC can provide spatial information beyond count-rate or center-of-gravity estimation, enabling repositioning guidance and sensitivity-corrected quantification for intraoperative use. As the study relies on a shared forward model, validation with a physical prototype is the key next step.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:54:31Z","timestamp":1782514471000},"page":"145004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility study of image reconstruction for a forceps-type positron emission counter: a simulation-based algorithm comparison"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7852-3422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryotaro","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"},{"name":"Chiba University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sodai","family":"Takyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mirai Imaging Corporation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwako","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Yamaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae8356bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2799231","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Learned primal-dual reconstruction","volume":"37","author":"Adler","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-04-02","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-16","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}