{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T07:03:23Z","timestamp":1785135803130,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PhD scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2017-06173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-06173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institute of Cancer Research","award":["173408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["173408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gel dosimeters have traditionally been developed for external beam radiotherapy and high-energy photon applications. However, their use in low-energy photon contexts\u2014such as low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy\u2014remains limited by challenges related to temporal and thermal stability, as well as water equivalency. This study aimed to develop a novel dosimetric gel adapted to low-energy photon emissions from isotopes such as\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I and to evaluate its performance using radioactive seeds incorporated into mock LDR 3D-printed brachytherapy implants for eye cancer treatments.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A gel formulation composed of methacrylic and ascorbic acid in gelatin, known as MAGIC, was optimized using agarose (MAGIC-a) and paraformaldehyde (MAGIC-pf). The gel\u2019s thermal and temporal stability and self-polymerization were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. Water equivalency was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. The radiation sensitivity of MAGIC-pf gel to\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I seeds was experimentally measured over two-days, followed by MRI readouts at 1.5 T and 3 T. For comparison, the gel\u2019s sensitivity to a high-energy, high-dose-rate (HDR)\n                    <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ir source was also assessed. Dose distributions were evaluated using 3D-printed polymer episcleral plaques.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    MAGIC-pf demonstrated superior thermal and temporal stability, along with enhanced MRI readout performance. Sensitivity values of MAGIC-pf exposed to\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I seeds ranged from 0.155 to 0.388 Gy\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 1.5 T, and from 0.1 to 0.386 Gy\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 3 T. The gel\u2019s sensitivity to a\n                    <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ir source yielded 0.786 Gy\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 1.5 T. 3D-printed polymer episcleral plaques containing three\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I seeds with asymmetric radiation emission profiles produced highly reproducible and geometrically precise dose distributions, visualized in 2D and 3D.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    MAGIC-pf gel demonstrated excellent temporal and thermal stability, compatibility with HDR and LDR brachytherapy applications, and water equivalency under investigated conditions. The sub-millimetric dose profiles it enables are well-suited to the precision demands of next-generation personalized 3D-printed brachytherapy implants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae894a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:52:37Z","timestamp":1783723957000},"page":"145019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-performance dosimetric gel for low-dose-rate 3D-printed brachytherapy devices"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4411-309X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdokht","family":"Akbari Taemeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer (CRC) de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4529-4235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna-Kim","family":"P\u00e9ron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer (CRC) de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9ophraste","family":"Lescot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer (CRC) de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8250-5982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Baljeet","family":"Seniwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer (CRC) de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-0657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Solange","family":"Landreville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer (CRC) de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval (LOEX)"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0429-6366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luc","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer (CRC) de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8601-466X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"Fortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer (CRC) de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae894abib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-015-4469-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of an improved MAA-based polymer gel for thermal neutron dosimetry","volume":"307","author":"Abtahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"pmbae894abib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"GEANT4\u2014a simulation toolkit","volume":"506","author":"Agostinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"pmbae894abib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108470","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improvement of the sensitivity of PASSAG polymer gel dosimeter by urea","volume":"166","author":"Aliasgharzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"pmbae894abib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.06.125","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent developments in Geant4","volume":"835","author":"Allison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 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Chem."},{"key":"pmbae894abib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4749933","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dosimetry of 125I and 103Pd COMS eye plaques for intraocular tumors: report of Task Group 129 by the AAPM and ABS","volume":"39","author":"Chiu\u2010Tsao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae894abib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31889-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Water as the often neglected medium at the interface between materials and biology","volume":"13","author":"Dargaville","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"pmbae894abib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8090599","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiation dosimetry by use of radiosensitive hydrogels and polymers: mechanisms, state-of-the-art and perspective from 3D\u20134D","volume":"8","author":"De Deene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"pmbae894abib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/19\/301","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A basic study of some normoxic polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"47","author":"De Deene","year":"2002a","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae894abib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/14\/307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dose\u2013response stability and integrity of the dose distribution of various polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"47","author":"De Deene","year":"2002b","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae894abib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2014.05.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The use of TLDs for brachytherapy dosimetry","volume":"71","author":"DeWerd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"pmbae894abib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20969","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurement of signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratios in MR images: influence of multichannel coils, parallel imaging, and reconstruction filters","volume":"26","author":"Dietrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae894abib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.03.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The TOPAS tool for particle simulation, a Monte Carlo simulation tool for physics, biology and clinical research","volume":"72","author":"Faddegon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"pmbae894abib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.72.863.10700826","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An investigation into the use of polymer gel dosimetry in low dose rate brachytherapy","volume":"72","author":"Farajollahi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"pmbae894abib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2018.08.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A systematic review of clinical applications of polymer gel dosimeters in radiotherapy","volume":"143","author":"Farhood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"pmbae894abib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N53","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/4\/N04","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Formaldehyde increases MAGIC gel dosimeter melting point and sensitivity","volume":"53","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae894abib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/12\/303","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere","volume":"46","author":"Fong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae894abib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01000-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diagnostic methods and therapeutic options of uveal melanoma with emphasis on MR imaging\u2014Part I: MR imaging with pathologic correlation and technical considerations","volume":"12","author":"Foti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights into Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae894abib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3561509","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of radiological properties and water equivalency of PRESAGE\u00ae dosimeters","volume":"38","author":"Gorjiara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae894abib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2388154","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A dosimetric study on the high dose rate flexisource","volume":"33","author":"Granero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. 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Sci."},{"key":"pmbae894abib28","author":"Jorge","year":"2009","type":"book"},{"key":"pmbae894abib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.275","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Uveal melanoma: relatively rare but deadly cancer","volume":"31","author":"Kaliki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"pmbae894abib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06TR01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad278f","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Validation of complex radiotherapy techniques using polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"69","author":"Karger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae894abib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4870954","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of the sol-gel transition of gelatin using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy","volume":"115","author":"Kawabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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