{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:23:03Z","timestamp":1786116183231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lanzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2024-3-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-3-32"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Lanzhou City","award":["2025-4-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-4-026"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Student Basic Research Program","award":["123B2090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123B2090"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance Local Science and Technology Development Program","award":["24ZYQA029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZYQA029"]}]},{"name":"Joint Research Fund of Gansu Province","award":["25JRRA1196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA1196"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Carbon ion lattice radiation therapy (CLRT) lacks systematic parameter selection strategies. This study aimed to develop an automated lattice placement system for CLRT and elucidate the impact of irradiation strategies (IS), lattice structures (Ls), vertex diameters, and gaps on relative biological effectiveness-weighted dose (RWD) and dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LET\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) distributions.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A proprietary MATLAB-based automated lattice placement system was applied to 15 bulky tumors using single-field optimization to mitigate range uncertainties. Two IS, lattice-only and lattice combined with a uniform background dose to the clinical treatment volume (lattice + CTV), were investigated. Lattice configurations included body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed structures, diameters of 10, 15, and 20 mm, and vertex gaps of 15, 20, 25, and 30 mm. Plan quality was assessed using the evaluation metrics of spatially fractionated radiation therapy, gross tumor volume, and organs at risk (OAR). Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were employed to quantify the relative contribution of each parameter. Moreover, a multi-criteria decision framework integrating the technique for order of preference by similarity and a significance-based winning vote was constructed to identify recommended parameter configurations across varying clinical priorities.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    GEE regression indicated that the interaction between the IS and gap (26.86%), the main effect of the IS (17.55%), and gap (16.88%) were the primary contributors to variations in RWD and LET\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    distributions. Conversely, Ls had minimal effect (&lt;2.5%). In both strategies, a 10 mm vertex diameter demonstrated the most favorable performance. However, the recommended gap diverged significantly. For lattice-only strategy, a 20 mm gap emerged as the recommended configuration, achieving target coverage while minimizing OAR doses. In contrast, for lattice + CTV strategy, the addition of a background RWD rendered a 30 mm gap the recommended choice.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The proposed automated lattice placement system and irradiation-strategy-specific parameter selection strategy provide a robust quantitative foundation for enhancing the clinical adaptability and efficacy of CLRT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:56:49Z","timestamp":1784156209000},"page":"155021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic parameter selection of carbon ion lattice radiation therapy: balancing RBE-weighted dose and LETd distributions"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1900-9290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zijie","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics"},{"name":"Lanzhou Ion Therapy Co. Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics"},{"name":"Lanzhou Ion Therapy Co. Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-4298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics"},{"name":"Lanzhou Ion Therapy Co. Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Ion Therapy Co. Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-6615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics"},{"name":"Lanzhou Ion Therapy Co. Ltd"},{"name":"Lanzhou Heavy Ion Center, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2024.05.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimizing GRID and lattice spatially fractionated radiation therapy: innovative strategies for radioresistant and bulky tumor management","volume":"34","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-20-00038.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatially fractionated radiation therapy using lattice radiation in far-advanced bulky cervical cancer: a clinical and molecular imaging and outcome study","volume":"194","author":"Amendola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17569","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigating LETd optimization strategies in carbon ion radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer: a dosimetric study using an anthropomorphic phantom","volume":"52","author":"Baltazar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91872-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon minibeam radiation therapy results in tumor growth delay in an osteosarcoma murine model","volume":"15","author":"Bertho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.30","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Charged-particle therapy in cancer: clinical uses and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Durante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153625","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Should peak dose be used to prescribe spatially fractionated radiation therapy?\u2014a review of preclinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Fernandez-Palomo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12807","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatially fractionated (GRID) radiation therapy using proton pencil beam scanning (PBS): feasibility study and clinical implementation","volume":"45","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16761","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of an automated treatment planning approach for lattice radiation therapy","volume":"51","author":"Gaudreault","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00299","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-energy charged particles for spatially fractionated radiation therapy","volume":"8","author":"Guardiola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/adf58f","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geometric optimization of dose distribution in spatially fractionated radiation therapy","volume":"70","author":"Hosseinian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00544-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biophysical characteristics of HIMAC clinical irradiation system for heavy-ion radiation therapy","volume":"44","author":"Kanai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2024.101632","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rotationally intensified proton lattice: a novel lattice technique using spot-scanning proton arc therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.12.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Overview and recommendations for prospective multi-institutional spatially fractionated radiation therapy clinical trials","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-023-01473-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immune priming with spatially fractionated radiation therapy","volume":"25","author":"Lukas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17982","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the use of principal component analysis method to optimize sphere packing algorithm for lattice radiotherapy of large\/bulky unresectable tumor","volume":"52","author":"Misa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.01.065","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-dose spatially fractionated GRID Radiation Therapy (SFGRT): a comparison of treatment outcomes with Cerrobend vs. MLC SFGRT","volume":"82","author":"Neuner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.03.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) and definitive chemoradiotherapy with curative intent for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: initial response rates and toxicity","volume":"76","author":"Pe\u00f1agar\u00edcano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2021.34","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Divide and conquer: spatially fractionated radiation therapy","volume":"24","author":"Prezado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10TR02","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad4192","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatially fractionated radiation therapy: a critical review on current status of clinical and preclinical studies and knowledge gaps","volume":"69","author":"Prezado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/add2cc","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Proton GRID and LATTICE treatment planning techniques for clinical liver SFRT treatments","volume":"70","author":"Setianegara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib22","article-title":"fully flexible joint lattice position and dose optimization method for LATTICE therapy","author":"Tong","type":"other"},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1716722","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pencil beam scanning proton lattice radiotherapy: single-field versus multi-field optimization","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)02585-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimization of intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans based on the equivalent uniform dose","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-20-00066.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The technical and clinical implementation of LATTICE Radiation Therapy (LRT)","volume":"194","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2024.100830","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (Lattice SFRT) in the palliative treatment of locally advanced bulky unresectable head and neck cancer","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib27","article-title":"Feasibility of lattice radiotherapy using proton and carbon ion pencil beam for sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma","author":"Yang","year":"2022","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-20-00047.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Photon GRID radiation therapy: a physics and dosimetry white paper from the Radiosurgery Society (RSS) GRID\/LATTICE, Microbeam and FLASH Radiotherapy Working Group","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel treatment planning method via scissor beams for uniform-target-dose proton GRID with peak-valley-dose-ratio optimization","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae8b6dbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8855","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Proton ARC based LATTICE radiation therapy: feasibility study, energy layer optimization and LET optimization","volume":"69","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T07:45:18Z","timestamp":1786002318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8b6d","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Systematic parameter selection of carbon ion lattice radiation therapy: balancing RBE-weighted dose and LETd distributions","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-04-01","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-15","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}