{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:20:29Z","timestamp":1786116029561,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prototype Research Grant Scheme, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["PRGS\/1\/2023\/SKK01TAYLOR\/01\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRGS\/1\/2023\/SKK01TAYLOR\/01\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KAKENHI 23K21426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI 23K21426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Dose-voxel kernel (DVK) convolution provides a physics-based approach for absorbed-dose calculation from nuclear medicine imaging. This study implemented DVK convolution within the particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS) and evaluated its performance against Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and clinical dosimetry methods.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Five post-radioembolization\n                    <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                    Y bremsstrahlung single photon emission computed tomography\/computed tomography (SPECT\/CT) and positron emission tomography\/CT (PET\/CT) datasets from the University of Michigan Deep Blue Data repository were converted into PHITS-readable formats using the radiotherapy package based on PHITS. Activity distributions were mapped onto CT voxel grids, and DVKs were generated for 24 human tissue materials. A new DVK mode was implemented in PHITS to calculate voxel-wise absorbed-dose rates by convolving tissue-specific DVKs with activity distributions. Performance was evaluated against MC simulations using gamma index analysis, mean absorbed-dose rates within volumes of interests (VOIs), and voxel-wise absorbed-dose differences in liver, lung, and liver\u2013lung interface regions. VOI-based mean absorbed doses were further benchmarked against the local deposition model (LDM) and voxel\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value (VSV) convolution in MIM Software (v7.4.3).\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Following one-time DVK generation, DVK mode calculations required \u223c40 s compared with &gt;9 h for high-statistics MC simulations. Gamma pass fractions ranged from 92.1%\u201399.9%, while mean DVK\u2013MC differences in VOI-based dose rates were \u22121.2 \u00b1 2.9% (SPECT\/CT) and \u22121.0 \u00b1 4.3% (PET\/CT). Voxel-wise dose differences showed good agreement between DVK and MC in homogeneous liver tissue, while lung regions exhibited lower absorbed-dose estimates and the liver\u2013lung interface showed increased variability, (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                    up to 39%). Compared with MIM, VOI-based dose differences were 9.7 \u00b1 7.2% for SPECT\/CT (LDM-based) and \u22120.1 \u00b1 8.4% for PET\/CT (VSV-based).\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The PHITS-integrated DVK implementation enables efficient voxel-based dosimetry while maintaining close agreement with high-statistics MC simulations. This framework provides a practical physics-based approach for patient-specific radiopharmaceutical therapy dosimetry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:56:23Z","timestamp":1784760983000},"page":"155019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integration of a dose-voxel kernel (DVK) convolution method for voxel-based dosimetry in Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS)"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8441-2859","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shalaine Sana","family":"Tatu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taylor\u2019s University"},{"name":"Health Physics Research Section, Atomic Research Division, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Diliman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-7083","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatsuhiko","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Shirakata 2-4"},{"name":"Research Center for Nuclear Physics, The University of Osaka, Ibaraki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-5472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takuya","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Shirakata 2-4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin How","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taylor\u2019s University"},{"name":"Center for Active Living, Taylor\u2019s University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azahari","family":"Kasbollah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysian Nuclear Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-6408","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Subapriya","family":"Suppiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-4143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chai Hong","family":"Yeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taylor\u2019s University"},{"name":"Center for Active Living, Taylor\u2019s University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae8efabib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2022.12.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SPECT\/CT and PET\/CT, related radiopharmaceuticals, and areas of application and comparison","volume":"31","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"pmbae8efabib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-014-0066-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"PET quantification: strategies for partial volume correction","volume":"2","author":"Bettinardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae8efabib3","first-page":"11S","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MIRD pamphlet no. 17: the dosimetry of nonuniform activity distributions\u2014radionuclide S values at the voxel level","volume":"40","author":"Bolch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmbae8efabib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/app14031019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of lung density in the voxel-based dosimetry of 90Y-TARE evaluated with the voxel S-value (VSV) method and fast Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"14","author":"Capotosti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. 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Ther."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T07:38:33Z","timestamp":1786001913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae8efa","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Integration of a dose-voxel kernel (DVK) convolution method for voxel-based dosimetry in Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS)","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-02-23","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-22","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}