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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Spectral photon counting computed tomography (SPCCT) represents a major advancement in diagnostic imaging, with the potential to significantly enhance image contrast and resolution by leveraging photon-counting detectors. The integration of high atomic number nanoparticles (NPs), such as gadolinium fluoride (GdF\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), expands the scope of SPCCT by enabling combined high-resolution imaging and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the interactions between SPCCT irradiation and acquisition parameters and surface-functionalized GdTbF\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs, with the goal of optimizing the x-ray-induced activation and imaging protocols. These optimizations are crucial toward\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    application of x-ray induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT).\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Nanoparticles, synthesized with and without surface modifications, were evaluated for their biocompatibility (\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and imaging properties (\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). SPCCT enabled K-edge imaging to achieve specific gadolinium NP distribution and quantification.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results. In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments revealed a linear relationship between NP concentration and fluorescence intensity, confirming their potential as contrast agent for both K-edge imaging and fluorescence X-PDT. Optimization of emission activation conditions by varying tube voltage (kVp) and tube current (mA) demonstrated that fluorescence intensity increased proportionally with the tube current-time product (mAs).\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments in mice, following subcutaneous injections of functionalized GdTbF\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    @PEG NPs, showed a clear concentration-dependent increase in fluorescence intensity. K-edge imaging further confirmed the specificity and distribution of the NPs.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These findings demonstrate the dual capability of GdTbF\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs to act both as efficient contrast agents for x-ray-based imaging and as luminescent probes under x-ray excitation, highlighting their potential for multimodal imaging and X-PDT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:41:13Z","timestamp":1789990873000},"page":"185007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing x-ray based multimodal imaging: investigating dose dependency and modulation of fluorescence emission from GdF\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    nanoparticles doped with terbium using spectral photon counting CT"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7379-0806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pia","family":"Akl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206"},{"name":"Groupement Hospitalier Est"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-5367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arthur","family":"Gautheron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, University Claude 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