{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:45:20Z","timestamp":1787582720387,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008884","name":"Nakatani Foundation for Advancement of Measuring Technologies in Biomedical Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025019","name":"Support for Pioneering Research Initiated by the Next Generation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JPMJSP2109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Intraoperative identification of metastatic lymph nodes in esophageal cancer surgery could enable more selective lymph-node dissection. A forceps-type positron emission counter (PEC)\u2014a compact coincidence detector designed to intraoperatively quantify\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mi\/>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>18<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    F-FDG uptake in individual lymph nodes through standard laparoscopic trocars\u2014requires the radioactive source to be centered within its field of view for accurate quantification, yet current hardware provides no positional feedback.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A position-sensitive detector was designed by segmenting the conventional monolithic scintillator into a\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                          <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    crystal array. A pair of such detectors provides 16 coincidence count values, which serve as input to a machine-learning model that outputs the three-dimensional center of gravity (CoG) of the source with an intrinsic uncertainty indicator. Training data were generated by Monte Carlo simulations using a sensitivity-map superposition method with random source distributions varying in size, shape, position, and activity concentration.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The CoG was estimated with errors of approximately 0.34\u20130.42 mm per axis (Euclidean mean absolute error (MAE) 0.74 mm). In simulation, repositioning based on the estimated CoG reduced measurement variability (percent standard deviation) from 52% to 15%. A prototype experiment achieved Euclidean MAE of 1.33 mm at 100 coincidence counts.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These results demonstrate that machine-learning-based source localization has substantial potential to enhance the quantitative accuracy and reliability of forceps-type PEC systems for intraoperative lymph node assessment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T22:54:30Z","timestamp":1786143270000},"page":"165027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine-learning-based source localization for an intraoperative forceps-type positron emission counter"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7852-3422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryotaro","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"},{"name":"Chiba University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sodai","family":"Takyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mirai-imaging Corporation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwako","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Yamaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae9711bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"GEANT4\u2014a simulation toolkit","volume":"506","author":"Agostinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-04-02","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-07","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}