{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:18:17Z","timestamp":1787660297514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-02316993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02316993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Optical photon losses at the scintillator\u2013photosensor interface limit both energy and coincidence time resolution (CTR) in time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) detectors. To address this challenge, we applied diffractive nanopatterns on the surface of scintillation crystals to enhance light extraction.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We utilized flex-mold-based soft lithography to imprint 300 nm hole and line patterns over cm-scale scintillator surfaces with less than 4% relative dimensional variation. Three scintillators (LYSO, BGO, GAGG) were tested under four optical coupling configurations: bare crystal with air (reference), bare with optical grease, nanopatterned crystal with air, and nanopatterned with grease.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 20 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    BGO with an\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    _hole-plaid nanopattern combined with optical grease achieved a maximum light extraction gain of 2.22-fold compared to the bare crystal with air coupling. Its energy resolution improved from 18% to 11%. The same fabrication process was applied to 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 20 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    LYSO and 5 \u00d7 5 \u00d7 5 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    GAGG, yielding light extraction gains of 1.58- and 1.72-fold. We also performed CTR measurements on nanopatterned LYSO 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 20 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    crystals, where the average CTR dropped from 250.6 ps (bare crystal with air coupling) to 142.6 ps (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    _line with optical grease) at a fixed leading-edge discriminator threshold. Further threshold optimization for\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    _line with optical grease yielded a best result of 132.0 ps. The nanopatterns retained most of their gain after mechanical loading and 20 cycles of repeated cleaning.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These findings demonstrate that flex-mold-based soft nanoimprint lithography provides a practical, high-fidelity approach for surface engineering of TOF-PET systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae97d1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T22:55:12Z","timestamp":1786402512000},"page":"165031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced light extraction in flex-mold nanopatterned scintillators for TOF-PET"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7638-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suyeon","family":"Hyeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-1535","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guen Bae","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1442-2285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min Sun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae97d1bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMM.13.3.033006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of a rapid cure polydimethylsiloxane replication process with near-zero shrinkage","volume":"13","author":"Badshah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-06-07","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-25","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}