{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:23:34Z","timestamp":1787556214504,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515012154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Project","award":["2023TQ07A233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TQ07A233"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of Shenzhen Bay Laboratory","award":["C1012530005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1012530005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023YFC2414800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2414800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Proof-of Concept Grants","award":["C1022430005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1022430005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12205204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12205204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n Positron emission tomography (PET) detectors that encode depth-of-interaction (DOI) while achieving high timing and energy resolution are essential for long axial field-of-view (FOV) clinical PET systems. In this work, we propose an optically coupled hybrid semi-monolithic detector design, in which a pixelated scintillator array is coupled to a monolithic scintillator slab using optical adhesive. This design enables DOI capability while simplifying positioning calibration and preserving high timing and energy performance.\n Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n Based on this concept, a prototype detector composed of a single-layer hybrid structure was fabricated and comprehensively evaluated. The prototype consists of a\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n 8<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n array of pixelated lutetium\u2013yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals, each measuring\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 3.1<\/mml:mn>\n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n 2.1<\/mml:mn>\n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n 20<\/mml:mn>\n \u2009<\/mml:mtext>\n \n \n mm<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n with a pitch of 3.2 mm, coupling via a high-refractive-index adhesive (\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n n<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 1.7<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) to a monolithic LYSO slab of\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 25.5<\/mml:mn>\n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n 20<\/mml:mn>\n \u2009<\/mml:mtext>\n \n \n mm<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n . The interface surfaces between the pixelated array and the monolithic slab were unpolished. The detector was read out using a TOFPET2 application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).\n Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n Experimental results show clearly separated pseudo-pixel event clusters in the flood image, enabling planar event positioning using a conventional energy-weighted average method. Using a 400\u2013600 keV energy window, the detector achieved an average DOI resolution of\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 4.0<\/mml:mn>\n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n 0.5<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n mm, an average energy resolution of\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 11.7<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mi>\n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n 0.9<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , an intrinsic spatial resolution of 1.7 mm along the layer-stacking direction and\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 2.0<\/mml:mn>\n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n 0.1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n mm along the pixelated array direction, and a coincidence timing resolution of 281 ps.\n Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n These results demonstrate that the proposed optically coupled hybrid semi-monolithic detector balances detector performance (including DOI, timing and energy resolution) with calibration complexity. The design offers a promising detector solution for long axial FOV clinical PET systems.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae97d3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T22:55:21Z","timestamp":1786402521000},"page":"165026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An optically coupled hybrid semi-monolithic PET detector for simplified DOI and position decoding"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-8298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yangyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3674-5446","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"},{"name":"School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0376-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6742-1529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2506-0084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiangtao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4594-7372","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7450-5066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingyang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-2795","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae97d3bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2023.3300747","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Time and energy characterization of semi-monolithic detectors with different treatments and SiPMs suitable for clinical imaging","volume":"7","author":"Barrio","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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