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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Alternating electric fields (AEFs) at intermediate frequencies have been shown to disrupt mitosis and inhibit the proliferation of rapidly dividing tumor cells. Here, we developed a programmable\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    AEF exposure system (0\u2013500 kHz, 1\u20133 V cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) featuring an electroculture platform compatible with standard 12-well tissue culture plates. The system enables investigation of cellular responses to fixed orthogonal field orientations and periodic polarization switching (PPS), defined as sequential alternation of the field direction between\n                    <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    - and\n                    <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                    -axes at user-configurable intervals of 10\u2013300 s.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Exposure conditions were characterized using a fully three-dimensional finite-element model to evaluate electric field distribution and specific absorption rate, while thermal simulations and experimental temperature measurements were used to assess thermal stability and non-thermal operation. Human glioblastoma (U-118 MG), neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), and non-malignant endothelial (HUVEC) cells were treated with AEFs (200 kHz, 3 V cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) for 24\u201372 h. Cytotoxic effects were assessed using MTT assay, Live\/Dead fluorescence staining, and Annexin V\/PI imaging, followed by quantitative image analysis.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    AEF treatment induced significant, time-dependent reductions in cancer cell viability, reaching an approximately 80% reduction relative to controls in U-118 and SH-SY5Y cells after 72 h. Fluorescence imaging supported pronounced cytotoxic effects in malignant cells, whereas endothelial cells showed comparatively lower sensitivity. In the PPS mode evaluated after 24 h with a 300 s switching interval, viability in both cancer cell lines was further reduced by approximately 15% relative to the corresponding fixed-axis configurations.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These findings show that, under the tested AEF exposure parameters, periodically switched field orientations can produce stronger cellular responses than fixed-orientation AEF delivery, including the first demonstration in SH-SY5Y cells. By integrating programmable directional switching into a standard 12-well electroculture format, the platform provides a configurable framework for future studies of field orientation and switching interval modulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae99a6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T22:52:57Z","timestamp":1786661577000},"page":"165033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A programmable electroculture platform for direction-dependent alternating electric field delivery in cancer cell models"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2436-3362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatih","family":"Senturk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duzce University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9789-3391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ismail Cengiz","family":"Kocum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baskent University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4191-1750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eda Sevval","family":"Aksan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baskent University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5958-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugur","family":"Duzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baskent University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae99a6bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111793","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design, fabrication and testing of an electrical cell stimulation and recording apparatus (ECSARA) for cells in electroculture","volume":"147","author":"Abasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. 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