{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:10:09Z","timestamp":1788768609462,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) enables vascular imaging and blood velocity measurements at micrometer resolution, but its high sensitivity makes the resulting measurements difficult to validate, limiting their interpretability and hindering clinical translation. This work aims to provide a vessel level framework that extracts robust hemodynamic biomarkers from ULM data while quantifying the physical reliability of the measurements.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We propose a physics informed vessel reconstruction framework that integrates analytical fluid dynamics models directly into the ULM processing pipeline. Vessel geometry and flow profiles are reconstructed from velocity maps by locally fitting a Poiseuille model, justified by the low Reynolds, quasi steady laminar regime characterized across the data. We further introduce a physics compliance score that aggregates four constraints (model coverage, model to measurement similarity, flow conservation, and temporal consistency) into a single reliability metric. The method was applied to 325 manually segmented vessels from four publicly available preclinical datasets, spanning rat brain, rat kidney, and mouse tumor acquisitions.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The reconstructed biomarkers (radius, centerline velocity, volumetric flow rate, wall shear stress, and pressure drop) are consistent with reported rodent microcirculation and exhibit power law scaling in agreement with network level predictions. The compliance score provides a consistent vessel level characterization, varying in agreement with the expected determinants of measurement quality (acquisition time, frame rate, and insonified vessel area), while a convergence analysis shows that physically meaningful flow can be recovered even from sparse, short acquisition data.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The proposed framework offers a quantitative approach to vessel level hemodynamic characterization, combining biomarker extraction with a principled reliability assessment tool, and supports more interpretable and clinically translatable ULM outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T22:53:04Z","timestamp":1787266384000},"page":"175025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physics-informed vessel characterization and compliance scoring in ultrasound localization microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8432-367X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Giaccone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6571-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Mento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-2133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Libertario","family":"Demi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbae9c85bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2015.2500266","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Detection and tracking of multiple microbubbles in ultrasound B-mode images","volume":"63","author":"Ackermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/50\/2\/024001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental models for Murray\u2019s law","volume":"50","author":"Akita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(72)90012-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The mathematics of pulsatile flow in small vessels I. Casson theory","volume":"4","author":"Aroesty","year":"1972","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.4343435","type":"dataset","article-title":"OPULM PALA (Version 1.1)","author":"Arthur","unstructured":"Arthur C Heiles B Vincent H Pauline L Teston E Olivier C OPULM PALA (Version 1.1) Zenodo 10.5281\/zenodo.4343435"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203223","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The onset of turbulence in pipe flow","volume":"333","author":"Avila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H222","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.1.H222","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venules","volume":"280","author":"Bishop","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3123912","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In Vivo pulsatility measurement of cerebral microcirculation in rodents using dynamic ultrasound localization microscopy","volume":"41","author":"Bourquin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3137265","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D transcranial ultrasound localization microscopy in the rat brain with a multiplexed matrix probe","volume":"69","author":"Chavignon","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2359650","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo acoustic super-resolution and super-resolved velocity mapping using microbubbles","volume":"34","author":"Christensen-Jeffries","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib10","first-page":"pp 1285","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Microbubble ultrasound super-localization imaging (MUSLI)","author":"Couture","year":"2011"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2018.2850811","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound Localization microscopy and super-resolution: a state of the art","volume":"65","author":"Couture","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440408564513","type":"journal-article","article-title":"LXXII. The stream-line motion of fluid in a curved pipe (Second paper)","volume":"5","author":"Dean","year":"1928","journal-title":"London, Edinburgh Dublin Phil. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2022.02.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Coronary flow assessment using 3-dimensional ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy","volume":"15","author":"Demeulenaere","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103995","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo whole brain microvascular imaging in mice using transcranial 3D ultrasound localization microscopy","volume":"79","author":"Demeulenaere","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2063088","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The development lengths of laminar pipe and channel flows","volume":"127","author":"Durst","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fluids Eng."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16066","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy for deep super-resolution vascular imaging","volume":"527","author":"Errico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1931.96.3.562","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The viscosity of the blood in narrow capillary tubes","volume":"96","author":"F\u00e5hr\u00e6us","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13676-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound localization microscopy to image and assess microvasculature in a rat kidney","volume":"7","author":"Foiret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.05.023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamic ultrasound localization microscopy without ECG-gating","volume":"50","author":"Ghigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib20","article-title":"Optimal channel networks","author":"Giaccone","year":"2023","type":"other"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib21","first-page":"pp 1","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Detection of pulsatile oscillations via ultrasound localization microscopy","author":"Giaccone","year":"2025a"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib22","first-page":"pp 1","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Physics-informed channel modeling with ultrasound localization microscopy: reconstructing geometry and flow field from sparse velocity measurements","author":"Giaccone","year":"2025b"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.06.26345454v3)","type":"other","article-title":"4D ultrasound localization microscopy of deep cerebral perforating arteries for intraoperative neurosurgical guidance","author":"Han","year":"2026"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00824-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Performance benchmarking of microbubble-localization algorithms for ultrasound localization microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Heiles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Herman","year":"2016","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23932-3)","type":"book"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1996.0015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Heterogeneous autoregulation of cerebrocortical capillary flow: evidence for functional thoroughfare channels?","volume":"51","author":"Hudetz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(81)90084-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Blood flow velocity in capillaries of brain and muscles and its physiological significance","volume":"22","author":"Ivanov","year":"1981","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2509564123","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessing cerebral capillary function and stalling using single capillary reporters in ultrasound localization microscopy","volume":"123","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2595-7852","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Super resolution ultrasound localization microscopy\u2014is it ready to be incorporated into clinical practice?","volume":"46","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0564","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The use of the dimensionless Womersley number to characterize the unsteady nature of internal flow","volume":"191","author":"Loudon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.12.3.207)","type":"other","article-title":"The physiological principle of minimum work","author":"Murray","year":"1926"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1713","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1995.269.5.H1713","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structure and hemodynamics of microvascular networks: heterogeneity and correlations","volume":"269","author":"Pries","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3120368","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy for visualization of the ocular blood flow","volume":"69","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H540","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1987.253.3.H540","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Blood viscosity in small tubes: effect of shear rate, aggregation and sedimentation","volume":"253","author":"Reinke","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.59.2.124","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of shear rate variation on apparent viscosity of human blood in tubes of 29 to 94 microns diameter","volume":"59","author":"Reinke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01549-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional ultrasound localization microscopy reveals brain-wide neurovascular activity on a microscopic scale","volume":"19","author":"Renaudin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1883.0029","type":"journal-article","article-title":"XXIX. An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels","volume":"174","author":"Reynolds","year":"1883","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.8.1189","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Distribution of blood viscosity values and biochemical correlates in healthy adults","volume":"42","author":"Rosenson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2009.09.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Variance based sensitivity analysis of model output. Design and estimator for the total sensitivity index","volume":"181","author":"Saltelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib40","first-page":"pp 166","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Finding a \u2018Kneedle\u2019 in a haystack: detecting knee points in system behavior","author":"Satopaa","year":"2011"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/e18080283","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A critical reassessment of the Hess\u2013Murray law","volume":"18","author":"Sciubba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-010816-060302","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Blood flow in the microcirculation","volume":"49","author":"Secomb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib43","first-page":"pp 1906","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Imaging tumor vascularity by tracing single microbubbles","author":"Siepmann","year":"2011"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-5553(67)90144-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the distribution of points in a cube and the approximate evaluation of integrals","volume":"7","author":"Sobol\u2019","year":"1967","journal-title":"USSR Comput. Math. Math. Phys."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2022.106695","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound super-resolution imaging with a hierarchical Kalman tracker","volume":"122","author":"Taghavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib46","article-title":"Why ULM has not yet been integrated in clinical practice?","author":"Tuccio","year":"2025","type":"other"},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1955.sp005276","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Method for the calculation of velocity, rate of flow and viscous drag in arteries when the pressure gradient is known","volume":"127","author":"Womersley","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"pmbae9c85bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-021-2459-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review of clinical applications for super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy","volume":"42","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1788767264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae9c85","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Physics-informed vessel characterization and compliance scoring in ultrasound localization microscopy","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-03-24","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-07","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}